PDA

View Full Version : Bodybuiling explained



DefMetalLifter
01-30-2014, 01:14 PM
Bodybuilding


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Falk%2C_Benjamin_J._%281853-1925%29_-_Eugen_Sandow_%281867-1925%29.jpg/190px-Falk%2C_Benjamin_J._%281853-1925%29_-_Eugen_Sandow_%281867-1925%29.jpg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falk,_Benjamin_J._(1853-1925)_-_Eugen_Sandow_(1867-1925).jpg)
http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falk,_Benjamin_J._(1853-1925)_-_Eugen_Sandow_(1867-1925).jpg)
Eugen Sandow (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Sandow), the "Father of Modern Bodybuilding".


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Dexter_Jackson_IFBB_2008_Australia_4.jpg/190px-Dexter_Jackson_IFBB_2008_Australia_4.jpg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dexter_Jackson_IFBB_2008_Australia_4.jpg)
http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dexter_Jackson_IFBB_2008_Australia_4.jpg)
2008 Mr. Olympia Dexter Jackson (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_Jackson_(bodybuilder)), posing


Bodybuilding is the use of progressive resistance exercise (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_training) to control and develop one's musculature (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle).[1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodybuilding#cite_note-1) An individual who engages in this activity is referred to as a bodybuilder. In competitive amateur and professional bodybuilding (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_bodybuilding), bodybuilders appear in lineups doing specified poses, and later perform individual posing routines, for a panel of judges (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge) who rank competitors based on criteria such as symmetry, muscularity, and conditioning. Bodybuilders prepare for competition through a combination of dehydration, fat (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipose_tissue) loss, oils (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil), and tanning (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_tanning) (ortanning lotions (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanning_lotion)) which make their muscular definition more distinct. Well-known bodybuilders include Charles Atlas (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Atlas), Steve Reeves (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Reeves), Reg Park (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reg_Park),Arnold Schwarzenegger (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger), and Lou Ferrigno (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Ferrigno). The winner of the annual Mr. Olympia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Olympia) contest is generally recognized the world's top male bodybuilder. The title is now held by IFBB (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_BodyBuilders) professional Phil Heath (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Heath) of the United States.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sandow_ca1894.ogv/250px--Sandow_ca1894.ogv.jpg

http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandow_ca1894.ogv)
Sandow in 1894


Early years[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bodybuilding&action=edit&section=2)]

Stone-lifting traditions were practiced in ancient Greece (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece) and Egypt (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt). Western weight lifting developed in Europe around 1880 to 1953, with strongmen (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongmen) displaying feats of strength (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength) for the public, and challenging each other. The focus was not on the make up of their physique, and these strongmen often had a large stomach and fatty limbs.[2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodybuilding#cite_note-2)
Eugen Sandow[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bodybuilding&action=edit&section=3)]

Bodybuilding developed in the late 19th century, promoted in England (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England) by the 'Father of Modern Bodybuilding', German-born Eugen Sandow (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Sandow). He allowed audiences to enjoy viewing his physique in "muscle display performances". Although audiences were thrilled to see a well-developed physique, those men simply displayed their bodies as part of strength demonstrations or wrestling matches. Sandow had a stage show built around these displays through his manager, Florenz Ziegfeld (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florenz_Ziegfeld). The Oscar-winning 1936musical film (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_film) The Great Ziegfeld (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Ziegfeld), depicts this beginning of modern bodybuilding, when Sandow began to display his body for carnivals.
Sandow became so successful at flexing and posing his physique, that he later created several businesses around his fame and was among the first to market products branded with his name alone. He was credited with inventing and selling the first exercise equipment for the masses: machined dumbbells (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbbell), spring pulleys (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulley) and tension bands. Even his image was sold by the thousands in "cabinet cards" and other prints.
Sandow was a perfect "gracilian". This was a standard of ideal body proportions close to those of ancient Greek and Roman statues – see Golden Mean (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ratio). Men were judged by how closely they matched these proportions.
First large-scale bodybuilding competition[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bodybuilding&action=edit&section=4)]

Sandow organised the first bodybuilding contest on September 14, 1901 called the "Great Competition" which was held in the Royal Albert Hall (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall), London (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London), UK (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom). Judged by himself, Sir Charles Lawes, and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle), the contest was a great success and with a capacity crowd many bodybuilding enthusiasts were turned away .[3] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodybuilding#cite_note-3) The trophy presented to the winner was a bronze statue of Sandow sculpted by Frederick Pomeroy. The winner was William L. Murray of Nottingham, England (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham,_England). The most prestigious bodybuilding contest today is the Mr. Olympia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Olympia), and since 1968, the winner has been presented with the same bronze statue of Sandow that he himself presented to the winner at the first contest.
On 16 January 1904, the first large-scale bodybuilding competition in America took place at Madison Square Garden (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden) in New York City (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City). The winner was Al Treloar and he was declared "The Most Perfectly Developed Man in the World".[4] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodybuilding#cite_note-4) Treloar won a $1,000 cash prize, a substantial sum at that time. Two weeks later, Thomas Edison (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison) made a film of Al Treloar's posing routine. Edison also made two films of Sandow a few years before. Those were the first three motion pictures featuring a bodybuilder. In the early 20th century,Bernarr Macfadden (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernarr_Macfadden) and Charles Atlas (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Atlas), continued to promote bodybuilding across the world. Alois P. Swoboda (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_P._Swoboda) was an early pioneer in America.
Notable early bodybuilders[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bodybuilding&action=edit&section=5)]

Many other important bodybuilders in the early history of bodybuilding prior to 1930 include: Earle Liederman (writer of some of the earliest bodybuilding instruction books), Zishe Breitbart (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zishe_Breitbart), Georg Hackenschmidt (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Hackenschmidt), Emy Nkemena, George F. Jowett, Finn Hateral (a pioneer in the art of posing), Frank Saldo (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Saldo), Monte Saldo (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Saldo), William Bankier (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bankier), Launceston Elliot, Sig Klein, Sgt. Alfred Moss, Joe Nordquist, Lionel Strongfort (Strongfortism),[5] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodybuilding#cite_note-5) Gustav Frištenský (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Fri%C5%A1tensk%C3%BD) (the Czech champion), Ralph Parcaut (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Parcaut), a champion wrestler who also authored an early book on "physical culture," and Alan P. Mead, who became an impressive muscle champion despite the fact that he lost a leg in World War I (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I). Actor Francis X. Bushman (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_X._Bushman)started his career as a bodybuilder and sculptor's model before beginning his famous silent movie career. Bushman was a disciple of Eugen Sandow.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/Bodybuilder%2C1953.jpg/225px-Bodybuilder%2C1953.jpg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bodybuilder,1953.jpg)
http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bodybuilder,1953.jpg)
Model Jackie Coey with Mr. Los Angeles contestant Ed Holovchik (also known as Ed Fury (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Fury)), 1953


1950s and 1960s[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bodybuilding&action=edit&section=6)]

Bodybuilding became more popular in the 1950s and 1960s with the emergence of strength and gymnastics champions joining the culture, and the simultaneous popularization of muscle training, most of all by Joe Weider (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Weider), whose advertising in comic books and other publications encouraged many young men to undertake weight training to improve their physiques to resemble the comic books' muscular superheroes. Of notable athletes, US national and gymnastics champion and US Olympic weightlifting team competitor John Grimek (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Grimek) and British strength athlete Reg Park (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reg_Park) as winners of newly created bodybuilding titles such as the Mr. Universe (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe_Championships) and Mr. America (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFBB_Mr._America)competitions paved the way for others. Magazines such as Strength & Health (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_%26_Health) and Muscular Development (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular_Development) were accompanied by the fame of Muscle Beach (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_Beach), in Santa Monica, California. The casting of some bodybuilders in movies was another major vehicle for the activity's popularization. Of bodybuilder-actors perhaps the most famous were Steve Reeves (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Reeves) and Reg Park, who were featured in roles portraying Hercules (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules), Samson (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samson) and other legendary heroes. Dave Draper (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Draper) gained public fame through a role in Don't Make Waves (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Make_Waves), and in appearances in television series such as the Beverly Hillbillies (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Hillbillies) and The Monkees (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monkees). Other rising stars in this period were Larry Scott (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Scott_(bodybuilder)),Serge Nubret (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Nubret), and Sergio Oliva (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Oliva). The gym equipment and training supplement industries founded by Joe Weider were complemented by the growth of the International Federation of BodyBuilding & Fitness (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_BodyBuilding_%26_Fitne ss) (IFBB), which was co-founded by Joe and his brother Ben (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Weider). The IFBB eventually displaced the Amateur Athletic Union (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_Athletic_Union)'s Mr. Universe titles and also that of NABBA, the National Amateur Bodybuilders Association (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Amateur_Bodybuilders_Association) as the most important and notable contests.
1970s onwards[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bodybuilding&action=edit&section=7)]

New organizations[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bodybuilding&action=edit&section=8)]

In the 1970s, bodybuilding had major publicity thanks to Arnold Schwarzenegger (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger), Franco Columbu (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Columbu), Lou Ferrigno (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Ferrigno) and others in the 1977 film Pumping Iron (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumping_Iron). By this time theInternational Federation of BodyBuilding & Fitness (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_BodyBuilding_%26_Fitne ss) (IFBB) dominated the competitive bodybuilding landscape and the Amateur Athletic Union (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_Athletic_Union) (AAU) took a back seat.
The National Physique Committee (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Physique_Committee) (NPC) was formed in 1981 by Jim Manion (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Manion&action=edit&redlink=1),[6] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodybuilding#cite_note-6) who had just stepped down as chairman of the AAU Physique Committee. The NPC has gone on to become the most successful bodybuilding organization in the U.S., and is the amateur division of the IFBB in the United States. The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the decline of AAU sponsored bodybuilding contests. In 1999, the AAU voted to discontinue its bodybuilding events.
Anabolic/Androgenic Steroid Use[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bodybuilding&action=edit&section=9)]


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ronnie_Coleman_8_x_Mr_Olympia_-_2009_-_7.png/300px-Ronnie_Coleman_8_x_Mr_Olympia_-_2009_-_7.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ronnie_Coleman_8_x_Mr_Olympia_-_2009_-_7.png)
http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ronnie_Coleman_8_x_Mr_Olympia_-_2009_-_7.png)
Ronnie Coleman (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Coleman) 8 x Mr. Olympia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Olympia) – 2009


This period also saw the rise of anabolic steroids (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabolic_steroid) used both in bodybuilding and many other sports. In bodybuilding lore, this is partly attributed to the rise of "mass monsters", beginning with Arnold Schwarzenegger (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger), Sergio Oliva (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Oliva) and Lou Ferrigno (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Ferrigno) in the late 1960s and early 1970s and continuing in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s with Lee Haney (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Haney), Dorian Yates (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorian_Yates),Ronnie Coleman (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Coleman) and Markus Ruhl (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Ruhl). Also the emergence of bodybuilders such as Greg Kovacs (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kovacs), Paul DeMayo (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_DeMayo) and Victor Richards who, while not being particularly successful at the pro level, attained mass and size at levels that were not seen previously.
Arnold Schwarzenegger at the time of shooting the movie that brought body building to life, "Pumping Iron" he never said that he did steroids to increase his winning chance but said you have to do anything you can to get the advantage in competition. But in later interviews he admitted to it and even said he does not regret using anything. This was a huge impact at the time because Arnold was the face of bodybuilding at the time and is still considered by some to be the best to ever do the sport.[7] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodybuilding#cite_note-7)
To combat this, and in the hopes of becoming a member of the IOC (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOC), the IFBB introduced doping (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_of_performance_enhancing_drugs_in_sport) tests for both steroids and other banned substances. Although doping tests occurred, the majority of professional bodybuilders still used anabolic steroids for competition. During the 1970s the use of anabolic steroids was openly discussed partly due to the fact they were legal.[8] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodybuilding#cite_note-8) However the U.S. Congress (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_United_States) in the Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 1990 placed anabolic steroids into Schedule III of the Controlled substance act (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act) (CSA). Similarly in Canada, steroids were added to the Criminal Code of Canada (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Code_of_Canada) as a Class IV controlled substance (that class was created expressly for steroids).
World Bodybuilding Federation[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bodybuilding&action=edit&section=10)]


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/98/World_Bodybuilding_Federation_old_logo.png/180px-World_Bodybuilding_Federation_old_logo.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_Bodybuilding_Federation_old_logo.png)
http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_Bodybuilding_Federation_old_logo.png)
WBF Logo


Main article: World Bodybuilding Federation (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bodybuilding_Federation)
In 1990, wrestling promoter Vince McMahon (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_McMahon) announced he was forming a new bodybuilding organization, the World Bodybuilding Federation (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bodybuilding_Federation)(WBF). McMahon wanted to bring WWF (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE)-style showmanship and bigger prize money to the sport of bodybuilding. A number of IFBB stars were recruited but the roster was never very large, with the same athletes competing; the most notable winner and first WBF champion was Gary Strydom (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Strydom). McMahon formally dissolved the WBF in July 1992. Reasons for this probably included lack of income from the pay-per-view broadcasts of the WBF contests, slow sales of the WBF's magazine Bodybuilding Lifestyles (which later became WBF Magazine), and the expense of paying multiple 6-figure contracts as well as producing two TV shows and a monthly magazine.
Olympic sport discussion[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bodybuilding&action=edit&section=11)]

In the early 2000s, the IFBB was attempting to make bodybuilding an Olympic (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games) sport. It obtained full IOC membership in 2000 and was attempting to get approved as a demonstration event at the Olympics which would hopefully lead to it being added as a full contest. This did not happen. Olympic recognition for bodybuilding remains controversial since many argue that bodybuilding is not a sport.[9] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodybuilding#cite_note-9)
Recent developments[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bodybuilding&action=edit&section=12)]

In 2003, Joe Weider (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Weider) sold Weider Publications to AMI (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Media_(publisher)), which owns The National Enquirer (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Enquirer). The position of president of the IFBB was filled by Rafael Santonja following the death ofBen Weider (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Weider) in October 2008. In 2004, contest promoter Wayne DeMilia broke ranks with the IFBB and AMI took over the promotion of the Mr. Olympia contest. Other professional contests emerged in this period, most notably the Arnold Classic (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Classic) and Night of Champions (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_of_Champions), as well as the European Grand Prix of Bodybuilding.
In the 1990s and the early 21st century, patterns of consumption and recreation similar to those of the United States became more widespread in Europe and especially in Eastern Europe following the collapse of the Soviet Union (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union). This resulted in the emergence of whole new populations of bodybuilders emerged from former Eastern bloc (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_bloc) states.
Areas[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bodybuilding&action=edit&section=13)]

Professional bodybuilding[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bodybuilding&action=edit&section=14)]

Main article: Professional bodybuilding (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_bodybuilding)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Frank_Zane.jpg/170px-Frank_Zane.jpg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frank_Zane.jpg)
http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frank_Zane.jpg)
Frank Zane (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Zane), a former professional bodybuilder and three-time Mr. Olympia.


In the modern bodybuilding industry, "professional (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_bodybuilding)" generally means a bodybuilder who has won qualifying competitions as an amateur and has earned a "pro card" from their respective organization. Professionals earn the right to compete in competitions that include monetary prizes. Depending on the level of success, these bodybuilders may receive monetary compensation from sponsors, much like athletes in other sports.
Natural bodybuilding[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bodybuilding&action=edit&section=15)]

Main article: Natural bodybuilding (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_bodybuilding)
Due to the growing concerns of the high cost, health consequences and illegal nature of steroids many organizations have formed in response and have deemed themselves "natural" bodybuilding competitions. In addition to the concerns noted, many promoters of bodybuilding have sought to shed the "freakish" reputation that the general public perceives of bodybuilding and have successfully introduced a more mainstream audience to the sport of bodybuilding by including competitors whose physiques appear much more attainable and realistic.
In natural contests the testing protocol ranges among organizations from polygraph testing (lie detection) to urinalysis. Penalties also range from organization to organization from suspensions to strict bans from competition. It is also important to note that natural organizations also have their own list of banned substances and it is important to refer to each organization's website for more information about which substances are banned from competition.
There are many natural bodybuilding organizations that exist. Some of the larger ones include MuscleMania, Ultimate Fitness Events (UFE), INBF/WNBF and INBA/PNBA. These organizations either have North American or worldwide presence and are not limited to the country in which they are headquartered.
Other notable natural bodybuilding organization include the NPC and the NANBF. NPC competitions screen competitors using a polygraph test to ensure fair practices. Though it is not fool-proof, competitors are selected at random and not all are tested. This is how the NPC differs from the NANBF. The NANBF takes a more direct approach by taking urine samples from all competitors that test for steroids and any other substances on the banned list. The NANBF differs from the NPC also when it comes to judging. The criteria of certain poses differs from organization to organization. The NANBF even has an elevated calf pose which is specifically unique for their competitions.
Female bodybuilding[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bodybuilding&action=edit&section=16)]


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/33/Nikki_Fuller.jpg/175px-Nikki_Fuller.jpg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nikki_Fuller.jpg)
http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nikki_Fuller.jpg)
Pro female bodybuilder Nikki Fuller (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Fuller) performs a side chest pose.


Main article: Female bodybuilding (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_bodybuilding)
The first U.S. Women's National Physique Championship, promoted by Henry McGhee and held in Canton, Ohio in 1978, is generally regarded as the first true female bodybuilding contest – that is, the first contest where the entrants were judged solely on muscularity.[10] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodybuilding#cite_note-10) In 1980 the firstMs. Olympia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ms._Olympia) (initially known as the "Miss" Olympia), the most prestigious contest for professionals, was held. The first winner was Rachel McLish (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_McLish) who had also won the NPC's USA Championship earlier in the year. The contest was a major turning point for the sport of women's bodybuilding. McLish inspired many future competitors to start training and competing. In 1985, a movie called Pumping Iron II: The Women (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumping_Iron_II:_The_Women)was released. This film documented the preparation of several women for the 1983 Caesars Palace (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesars_Palace) World Cup Championship. Competitors prominently featured in the film were Kris Alexander, Lori Bowen,Lydia Cheng, Carla Dunlap, Bev Francis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bev_Francis), and Rachel McLish. At the time, Francis was actually a powerlifter (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerlifting), though she soon made a successful transition to bodybuilding, becoming one of the leading competitors of the late 1980s and early 1990s.
In recent years, the related areas of fitness and figure competition (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness_and_figure_competition) have gained in popularity, surpassing that of female bodybuilding, and have provided an alternative for women who choose not to develop the level of muscularity necessary for bodybuilding. Rachel McLish would closely resemble what is thought of today as a fitness and figure competitor instead of what is now considered a female bodybuilder. Fitness competitions also have a gymnastic element to them.

Competition[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bodybuilding&action=edit&section=17)]


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Luk%C3%A1%C5%A1_Osladil.jpg/185px-Luk%C3%A1%C5%A1_Osladil.jpg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luk%C3%A1%C5%A1_Osladil.jpg)
http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luk%C3%A1%C5%A1_Osladil.jpg)
A bodybuilder, Lukas Osladil, posing onstage during a competition. The pose is a variation of the "most muscular".


In competitive bodybuilding, bodybuilders aspire to develop and maintain an aesthetically (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetics) pleasing body and balanced physique.[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodybuilding#cite_note-11)[12] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodybuilding#cite_note-12) In prejudging, competitors do a series of mandatory poses – the front lat spread, the rear lat spread, the front double biceps (http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/front_double_biceps), the back double biceps (http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/back_double_biceps), the side chest (http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/side_chest), the side triceps (http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/side_triceps), the Most Muscular (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_Muscular) (men only), and the thigh-abdominal pose. Each competitor also performs a routine to display the physique. A posedown (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posedown) is usually held at the end of a posing round, while judges are finishing their scoring. Bodybuilders spend time practicing their posing, since they are judged on it.
In contrast to strongman (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongman_(strength_athlete)) or powerlifting (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerlifting) competitions where physical strength (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_strength) is important, or to Olympic weightlifting (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting), where the main point is equally split between strength and technique, bodybuilding competitions typically emphasize condition, size and symmetry. Different organizations emphasize particular aspects of competition, and sometimes have different categories in which to compete.
Preparations[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bodybuilding&action=edit&section=18)]

Cutting and bulking[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bodybuilding&action=edit&section=19)]

The general strategy adopted by most present-day competitive bodybuilders is to make muscle gains for most of the year (known as the "off-season") and approximately 12–14 weeks from competition attempt to lose body fat (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipose_tissue) (referred to as "cutting"). The bulking phase entails remaining in a net positive energy balance (calorie surplus). The amount of a surplus that a person remains in is based on the person's goals, as a bigger surplus and longer bulking phase will create more fat tissue. The surplus of calories relative to one's energy balance will ensure that muscles remain in a state of anabolism. The cutting phase entails remaining in a net negative energy balance (calorie deficit). The main goal of cutting is to oxidize fat but also to preserve as much muscle as possible. The larger the calorie deficit, the faster one will lose weight. However, a large calorie deficit will also create the risk of losing muscle tissue.[13] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodybuilding#cite_note-13)
The precise effectiveness of the cutting and bulking strategy is unknown, with only limited observational case studies on the subject. No studies involving precise hypercaloric feeding combined with resistance exercise have been conducted.
Clean bulking[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bodybuilding&action=edit&section=20)]

Many non-competitive bodybuilders choose not to adopt the conventional strategy, as it often results in significant unwanted fat gain during the "bulking" phase. The attempt to increase muscle mass in one's body without any gain in fat is called clean bulking. Competitive bodybuilders focus their efforts to achieve a peak appearance during a brief "competition season".[citation needed (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)]
Dirty bulking[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bodybuilding&action=edit&section=21)]

"Dirty bulking" is the process of eating at a caloric surplus, without finding the exact number macronutrients (carbs, fats, and proteins). Weight lifters who are attempting to gain mass quickly often choose to use the "dirty bulk" method.[citation needed (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)]
Pre-competition[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bodybuilding&action=edit&section=22)]

In the week leading up to a contest, bodybuilders may decrease their consumption of water (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water), sodium (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium) and carbohydrates (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate), the former two to alter how water is retained by the body and the latter to reduce glycogen (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen) in the muscle. The day before the show, water is removed from the diet, and diuretics (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diuretic) may be introduced, while carbohydrate loading (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate_loading) to increase the size of the muscles through replenishment of their glycogen. The goal is to maximize leanness and increase the visibility of veins, or "vascularity (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascularity)." The appearance of veins is further enhanced immediately before appearing on stage by darkening the skin through tanning products (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunless_tanning), and applying oils (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil) to the skin to increase shine. Some competitors will eat sugar-rich foods to increase the visibility of their veins. A final step is the use of weights to fill the muscles with blood and further increase their size.
Muscle growth[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bodybuilding&action=edit&section=23)]

Bodybuilders use three main strategies to maximize muscle hypertrophy:


Strength training (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_training) through weights or elastic/hydraulic resistance (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_training)
Specialized nutrition (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition), incorporating extra protein (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein)[citation needed (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] and supplements when necessary
Adequate rest, including sleep and recuperation between workouts

Weight training[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bodybuilding&action=edit&section=24)]

Main articles: Weight training (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_training) and Strength training (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_training)
Weight training (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_training) causes micro-tears to the muscles being trained [14] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodybuilding#cite_note-14)[citation needed (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)]; this is generally known as microtrauma (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtrauma). These micro-tears in the muscle contribute to the soreness felt after exercise, called delayed onset muscle soreness (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delayed_onset_muscle_soreness) (DOMS). It is the repair to these micro-trauma that result in muscle growth. Normally, this soreness becomes most apparent a day or two after a workout. However, as muscles become adapted to the exercises, soreness tends to decrease.[15] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodybuilding#cite_note-pmid7371625-15)
Weight training aims to build muscle by prompting two different types of hypertrophy: sarcoplasmic hypertrophy and myofibrillar hypertrophy. Sarcoplasmic hypertrophy leads to larger muscles and so is favored by bodybuilders more than myofibrillar hypertrophy which builds athletic strength. Sarcoplasmic hypertrophy is triggered by increasing repetitions, whereas myofibrillar hypertrophy is triggered by lifting heavier weight.[16] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodybuilding#cite_note-16) In either case, there is an increase in size and strength of the muscles (compared to if that same individual does not lift weights at all). However, the emphasis is different.
Many trainees like to cycle between the two methods in order to prevent the body from adapting (maintaining a progressive overload), possibly emphasizing whichever method more suits their goals. I.e, a bodybuilder will use sarcoplasmic hypertrophy most of the time, but may change to myofibrillar hypertrophy temporarily in order to move past a plateau. However, no real evidence has been provided to show that trainees ever reach this plateau, and rather was more of a hype created from 'muscular confusion.'