Iron Game
Veteran
By Tom Venuto
Basic rep speed for bodybuilders
Open up any book about bodybuilding, and it will emphasize the importance of rep speed, also known as "tempo." Specifically, tempo means how quickly you lift a weight (the concentric part of the rep, also known as the "positive", where the muscle shortens) and how quickly you lower the weight (the eccentric part of the rep, also known as the "negative", where the muscle lengthens).
Repetition speed is important because different lifting speeds produce different training effects. The faster the speed, the lower the muscle tension. Reduce your rep speed to a more controlled tempo and you increase muscle tension. Boiled down to its pure essence, developing muscle size is a matter of high muscle tension (coupled with progressive overload, of course). Faster reps allow you to use heavier weights, but reduce tension, so you're trading some size for power and speed. This is why many Olympic lifters who lift weights explosively have mind-boggling strength, but they don't have physiques like bodybuilders, who lift more slowly.
If you're ever in doubt about how fast to do your reps for developing muscle size, a concentric of 2-3 seconds and eccentric of 3-4 seconds is a good rule of thumb. This is a "controlled" or moderately slow rep. This two-point prescription is sufficient for a beginner, but when you reach the advanced level, it pays to be more particular and dissect your reps even further.
Four point tempo prescription
Beginners often talk about rep speed only in terms of lifting and lowering the weight. But there's much more to a rep than just up and down. Some strength coaches and trainers factor in the pause and write tempo with three numbers. The first number refers to the eccentric movement, the second number is the pause between eccentric and concentric and the third number is the concentric portion of the rep. Using the three point tempo prescription would look like this: 3-2-2.
Advanced bodybuilders would benefit greatly from taking it one step further, separating and quantifying the stretch and the contraction instead of just the single pause. This calls for a four-point tempo prescription. For example, a standard rep in the barbell curl would have a 3 second eccentric (lowering the weight), 0 second pause in the stretch (bottom) position, a 2 second concentric (lifting the weight) and a 0 second pause in the contracted (top) position: This is denoted by a tempo prescription of 3-0-2-0:
Example of 4 point tempo prescription:
3 Eccentric contraction
0 Stretch position
2 Concentric contraction
0 Contracted position
Increase muscle growth with tempo and tension manipulation
One way you can increase intensity and provide progressive overload without requiring super-heavy weights is by manipulating the speed at which you perform each exercise. For bodybuilding purposes, time under tension (TUT) for each set should generally be in the 30-70 second range. Sets lasting less than 30 seconds tend to develop speed, strength and power without maximal size.
Time under tension is old news in the bodybuilding and strength training world, but what many people fail to consider when planning their training programs is the impact of the stretch and contraction on the effectiveness of specific exercises. They make sweeping generalizations about tempo for all exercises, even though the resistance curve of every exercise is different. To get the highest intensity level and maximum results from every exercise requires that you analyze each exercise individually for the most efficient tempo on all four components of the rep.
In some exercises, the load dissipates in the stretch position. For example, in the dumbbell side lateral raise, there's no tension or stretch when the dumbbells are at the bottom of the movement, at your sides. When the dumbbells are raised to arms length parallel to the floor, your deltoids are fully contracted under maximum tension. Therefore, doing isometric contractions (pausing at the top as in a gymnast's "iron cross") is a very effective method in the lateral raise. It's not beneficial to pause in the bottom position, because there's no tension; you're simply resting ("cheating").
On other exercises, the tension lessens at the top of the movement (contracted position). This is true of all chest and shoulder pressing exercises where you lock out your elbows, and also squatting and leg pressing movements when you lock out your knees. On these exercises, tension is increased by avoiding a pause at the top of the movement. Let's look at some specific examples.
Stretch emphasis exercises
Unlike the lateral raise, it's advantageous to emphasize the stretch on some exercises. If the maximum load stays on the muscle in the stretch position, you'll benefit from pausing in that portion of the movement. For example, in the reverse grip (supinated) pulldown, your lats receive a tremendous stretch by the entire load of the weight stack when your arms are extended completely overhead (especially if you lean forward as you fully extend your arms). Your calves are also a stretch muscle and would benefit an extended pause in the bottom position.
As any competitive bench presser will tell you, the pause will decrease the amount of weight you can handle. That's because you're not making use of the "stretch shortening cycle" which allows you to use elastic energy to explosively "bounce" out of the bottom. However, if you're a bodybuilder and not a speed-power athlete, the increased muscle tension generated from using pauses is a good thing.
Research has shown that it takes a full four-second pause between the eccentric and concentric to fully dissipate the elastic energy created from the stretch-shortening cycle. However, even a one or two-second pause in the stretch position will increase muscular tension and improve your results from a pure size-building standpoint.
Contraction emphasis exercises
"Contraction emphasis" exercises are those in which the maximum tension is present in the contracted position. These are all exercises in which an extended hold in the contracted position would make the exercise more difficult, intense and result-producing. The leg extension is a good example. When your knee is fully extended at the top of the movement, the quadriceps are fully contracted with maximum resistance directly on the muscle. If you were to hold the contraction for a count of three, this would make the exercise considerably more intense. A tempo suggestion for leg extensions using contraction emphasis would be 4-0-2-3 (lower the weight in four seconds, no pause at the bottom, lift the weight in two seconds, then hold and "squeeze" at the top for three seconds).
Other contraction exercises where you could use a similar tempo include dumbbell kickbacks (triceps), concentration curls (biceps), standing single leg curl machine (hamstrings), cable flyes (chest), seated cable rows (back), straight arm lateral raises, (shoulders), weighted crunches (abs).
On certain exercises, you would NOT want to pause in the contracted position because the top of the movement provides the least amount of tension and resistance. These would include standing barbell curls (biceps), squats/hack squats/leg presses (quads), dumbbell pullovers (lats) incline sit ups (abs), and many others.
Stretch and contraction exercises
Some exercises lend themselves to emphasizing the stretch and the contraction (particularly back and calf exercises). For example, the standing calf raise is a great exercise to pause at the bottom to stretch and pause at the top to contract. In fact, one of the most effective ways to get stubborn calves to grow is to pause at the top of each rep for 3-5 seconds and then stretch at the bottom. This makes the muscle contract harder and improves the neuromuscular connection. Try this tempo on your next calf workout for 8-12 reps: 3-2-2-5
Constant tension exercises
Certain movements, also known as "mid-range exercises," provide little or no tension in the stretch or contracted positions. Examples include chest and shoulder presses, squats and standing biceps curls. The maximum resistance on these exercises occurs in the middle of the range of motion. Once your elbow or knee joints are locked out, the tension is dissipated or released completely. It's beneficial on these exercises to remove the pauses. For example, if you're used to locking out on your hack squats or back squats, try a few sets without locking out or pausing between reps. A tempo suggestion for constant tension exercises is 3-0-2-0 or 4-0-3-0.
You can use continuous tension (eliminating pauses at the top and bottom) on virtually any exercise as a method of variation, overload or intensification. The most effective application, however, is in eliminating the no-tension "dead spaces" on exercises like squats, presses and curls.
Concentric emphasis
Almost all strength coaches tell their athletes to accelerate on the concentric portion of an exercise. This is also a useful technique for bodybuilders at times, but bodybuilders are different from Olympic lifters, powerlifters and other athletes in that size is the goal - not speed or explosive power.
The basic bodybuilding rule we've all heard is that you should lower the weight more slowly than you lift the weight. This is generally good advice, but rules are made to be broken. For bodybuilders, it's beneficial on some exercises to occasionally do the opposite of conventional thinking and make the concentric portion of the rep slower than the eccentric.
The best exercises to use a slower concentric are those in which you have a tendency to cheat to get the weight started by bouncing at the bottom. On bench presses, for example, you can lift more weight if you literally bounce the bar off your chest and explode it up rapidly. To develop pure muscle mas, try using less weight with a slower concentric. Better still; use a pause and a slower concentric (tempo: 3-2-4-0). Barbell curls are another good example. Most people heave the weight up at the bottom using thrust from the hips and lower back, but this reduces the tension on the biceps. Also try a slow concentric on squats and leg presses for a major high-tension shock to your quads. Occasionally using a slow (approx. four second) concentric can be a very ego shattering, but growth inducing, experience.
Eccentric emphasis
As I already mentioned, slowing down the eccentric part of the rep is the classic advice of most trainers and coaches. Your natural tendency on almost any exercise will be towards allowing gravity to take over and dropping the weight. Resisting this urge and "fighting the negative" will improve your results dramatically. Many studies have proven that slowing down your eccentric (lowering) part of the rep accelerates muscle mass as well as strength gains. It also creates more delayed onset muscle soreness. All else being equal, the set with the slower eccentric is more hypertrophy-stimulating because it eliminates momentum and increases time under tension. To increase the intensity of your workouts, experiment liberally on a variety of exercises with slow negatives. Use different speeds from 4 - 10 seconds, and occasionally even longer.
What about "super slow" and "negative" training?
Some well known trainers claim that "super slow" or "negative only" repetitions are the "ultimate" methods for developing muscle mass. The claim that "super-slow" is the best training method is an example of erroneously overestimating the importance of a single tactic. The "best" approach is to use a variety of techniques as part of a broader strategy. Extremely slow reps (5 -10 seconds or longer) are a valid and result-producing technique, but that doesn't make them "the best way" or "the only way" to train. Slow reps are merely "one way." If you only used one single technique such as very slow reps, you would rapidly plateau, as the human body is remarkably adaptable. You must change your programs continually.
Conclusion
The body will adapt to any training regimen in time, so tempo should be changed often just like any other training variable. However, by thinking through your workouts beforehand and understanding the differences in tempo and tension, you can select the single most effective tempo prescription for each exercise and use it the majority of the time. This will maximize the effectiveness of every exercise you perform - often to a level you never thought possible. Remember, tension equals muscle growth. Slow down in general, get rid of the useless pauses, add some stretch emphasis where appropriate, squeeze hard and hold on peak contraction exercises and adjust your concentric and eccentric speeds to eliminate cheating and momentum. You'll add new life to your stale old routines and see your muscle growth explode to new heights!
Basic rep speed for bodybuilders
Open up any book about bodybuilding, and it will emphasize the importance of rep speed, also known as "tempo." Specifically, tempo means how quickly you lift a weight (the concentric part of the rep, also known as the "positive", where the muscle shortens) and how quickly you lower the weight (the eccentric part of the rep, also known as the "negative", where the muscle lengthens).
Repetition speed is important because different lifting speeds produce different training effects. The faster the speed, the lower the muscle tension. Reduce your rep speed to a more controlled tempo and you increase muscle tension. Boiled down to its pure essence, developing muscle size is a matter of high muscle tension (coupled with progressive overload, of course). Faster reps allow you to use heavier weights, but reduce tension, so you're trading some size for power and speed. This is why many Olympic lifters who lift weights explosively have mind-boggling strength, but they don't have physiques like bodybuilders, who lift more slowly.
If you're ever in doubt about how fast to do your reps for developing muscle size, a concentric of 2-3 seconds and eccentric of 3-4 seconds is a good rule of thumb. This is a "controlled" or moderately slow rep. This two-point prescription is sufficient for a beginner, but when you reach the advanced level, it pays to be more particular and dissect your reps even further.
Four point tempo prescription
Beginners often talk about rep speed only in terms of lifting and lowering the weight. But there's much more to a rep than just up and down. Some strength coaches and trainers factor in the pause and write tempo with three numbers. The first number refers to the eccentric movement, the second number is the pause between eccentric and concentric and the third number is the concentric portion of the rep. Using the three point tempo prescription would look like this: 3-2-2.
Advanced bodybuilders would benefit greatly from taking it one step further, separating and quantifying the stretch and the contraction instead of just the single pause. This calls for a four-point tempo prescription. For example, a standard rep in the barbell curl would have a 3 second eccentric (lowering the weight), 0 second pause in the stretch (bottom) position, a 2 second concentric (lifting the weight) and a 0 second pause in the contracted (top) position: This is denoted by a tempo prescription of 3-0-2-0:
Example of 4 point tempo prescription:
3 Eccentric contraction
0 Stretch position
2 Concentric contraction
0 Contracted position
Increase muscle growth with tempo and tension manipulation
One way you can increase intensity and provide progressive overload without requiring super-heavy weights is by manipulating the speed at which you perform each exercise. For bodybuilding purposes, time under tension (TUT) for each set should generally be in the 30-70 second range. Sets lasting less than 30 seconds tend to develop speed, strength and power without maximal size.
Time under tension is old news in the bodybuilding and strength training world, but what many people fail to consider when planning their training programs is the impact of the stretch and contraction on the effectiveness of specific exercises. They make sweeping generalizations about tempo for all exercises, even though the resistance curve of every exercise is different. To get the highest intensity level and maximum results from every exercise requires that you analyze each exercise individually for the most efficient tempo on all four components of the rep.
In some exercises, the load dissipates in the stretch position. For example, in the dumbbell side lateral raise, there's no tension or stretch when the dumbbells are at the bottom of the movement, at your sides. When the dumbbells are raised to arms length parallel to the floor, your deltoids are fully contracted under maximum tension. Therefore, doing isometric contractions (pausing at the top as in a gymnast's "iron cross") is a very effective method in the lateral raise. It's not beneficial to pause in the bottom position, because there's no tension; you're simply resting ("cheating").
On other exercises, the tension lessens at the top of the movement (contracted position). This is true of all chest and shoulder pressing exercises where you lock out your elbows, and also squatting and leg pressing movements when you lock out your knees. On these exercises, tension is increased by avoiding a pause at the top of the movement. Let's look at some specific examples.
Stretch emphasis exercises
Unlike the lateral raise, it's advantageous to emphasize the stretch on some exercises. If the maximum load stays on the muscle in the stretch position, you'll benefit from pausing in that portion of the movement. For example, in the reverse grip (supinated) pulldown, your lats receive a tremendous stretch by the entire load of the weight stack when your arms are extended completely overhead (especially if you lean forward as you fully extend your arms). Your calves are also a stretch muscle and would benefit an extended pause in the bottom position.
As any competitive bench presser will tell you, the pause will decrease the amount of weight you can handle. That's because you're not making use of the "stretch shortening cycle" which allows you to use elastic energy to explosively "bounce" out of the bottom. However, if you're a bodybuilder and not a speed-power athlete, the increased muscle tension generated from using pauses is a good thing.
Research has shown that it takes a full four-second pause between the eccentric and concentric to fully dissipate the elastic energy created from the stretch-shortening cycle. However, even a one or two-second pause in the stretch position will increase muscular tension and improve your results from a pure size-building standpoint.
Contraction emphasis exercises
"Contraction emphasis" exercises are those in which the maximum tension is present in the contracted position. These are all exercises in which an extended hold in the contracted position would make the exercise more difficult, intense and result-producing. The leg extension is a good example. When your knee is fully extended at the top of the movement, the quadriceps are fully contracted with maximum resistance directly on the muscle. If you were to hold the contraction for a count of three, this would make the exercise considerably more intense. A tempo suggestion for leg extensions using contraction emphasis would be 4-0-2-3 (lower the weight in four seconds, no pause at the bottom, lift the weight in two seconds, then hold and "squeeze" at the top for three seconds).
Other contraction exercises where you could use a similar tempo include dumbbell kickbacks (triceps), concentration curls (biceps), standing single leg curl machine (hamstrings), cable flyes (chest), seated cable rows (back), straight arm lateral raises, (shoulders), weighted crunches (abs).
On certain exercises, you would NOT want to pause in the contracted position because the top of the movement provides the least amount of tension and resistance. These would include standing barbell curls (biceps), squats/hack squats/leg presses (quads), dumbbell pullovers (lats) incline sit ups (abs), and many others.
Stretch and contraction exercises
Some exercises lend themselves to emphasizing the stretch and the contraction (particularly back and calf exercises). For example, the standing calf raise is a great exercise to pause at the bottom to stretch and pause at the top to contract. In fact, one of the most effective ways to get stubborn calves to grow is to pause at the top of each rep for 3-5 seconds and then stretch at the bottom. This makes the muscle contract harder and improves the neuromuscular connection. Try this tempo on your next calf workout for 8-12 reps: 3-2-2-5
Constant tension exercises
Certain movements, also known as "mid-range exercises," provide little or no tension in the stretch or contracted positions. Examples include chest and shoulder presses, squats and standing biceps curls. The maximum resistance on these exercises occurs in the middle of the range of motion. Once your elbow or knee joints are locked out, the tension is dissipated or released completely. It's beneficial on these exercises to remove the pauses. For example, if you're used to locking out on your hack squats or back squats, try a few sets without locking out or pausing between reps. A tempo suggestion for constant tension exercises is 3-0-2-0 or 4-0-3-0.
You can use continuous tension (eliminating pauses at the top and bottom) on virtually any exercise as a method of variation, overload or intensification. The most effective application, however, is in eliminating the no-tension "dead spaces" on exercises like squats, presses and curls.
Concentric emphasis
Almost all strength coaches tell their athletes to accelerate on the concentric portion of an exercise. This is also a useful technique for bodybuilders at times, but bodybuilders are different from Olympic lifters, powerlifters and other athletes in that size is the goal - not speed or explosive power.
The basic bodybuilding rule we've all heard is that you should lower the weight more slowly than you lift the weight. This is generally good advice, but rules are made to be broken. For bodybuilders, it's beneficial on some exercises to occasionally do the opposite of conventional thinking and make the concentric portion of the rep slower than the eccentric.
The best exercises to use a slower concentric are those in which you have a tendency to cheat to get the weight started by bouncing at the bottom. On bench presses, for example, you can lift more weight if you literally bounce the bar off your chest and explode it up rapidly. To develop pure muscle mas, try using less weight with a slower concentric. Better still; use a pause and a slower concentric (tempo: 3-2-4-0). Barbell curls are another good example. Most people heave the weight up at the bottom using thrust from the hips and lower back, but this reduces the tension on the biceps. Also try a slow concentric on squats and leg presses for a major high-tension shock to your quads. Occasionally using a slow (approx. four second) concentric can be a very ego shattering, but growth inducing, experience.
Eccentric emphasis
As I already mentioned, slowing down the eccentric part of the rep is the classic advice of most trainers and coaches. Your natural tendency on almost any exercise will be towards allowing gravity to take over and dropping the weight. Resisting this urge and "fighting the negative" will improve your results dramatically. Many studies have proven that slowing down your eccentric (lowering) part of the rep accelerates muscle mass as well as strength gains. It also creates more delayed onset muscle soreness. All else being equal, the set with the slower eccentric is more hypertrophy-stimulating because it eliminates momentum and increases time under tension. To increase the intensity of your workouts, experiment liberally on a variety of exercises with slow negatives. Use different speeds from 4 - 10 seconds, and occasionally even longer.
What about "super slow" and "negative" training?
Some well known trainers claim that "super slow" or "negative only" repetitions are the "ultimate" methods for developing muscle mass. The claim that "super-slow" is the best training method is an example of erroneously overestimating the importance of a single tactic. The "best" approach is to use a variety of techniques as part of a broader strategy. Extremely slow reps (5 -10 seconds or longer) are a valid and result-producing technique, but that doesn't make them "the best way" or "the only way" to train. Slow reps are merely "one way." If you only used one single technique such as very slow reps, you would rapidly plateau, as the human body is remarkably adaptable. You must change your programs continually.
Conclusion
The body will adapt to any training regimen in time, so tempo should be changed often just like any other training variable. However, by thinking through your workouts beforehand and understanding the differences in tempo and tension, you can select the single most effective tempo prescription for each exercise and use it the majority of the time. This will maximize the effectiveness of every exercise you perform - often to a level you never thought possible. Remember, tension equals muscle growth. Slow down in general, get rid of the useless pauses, add some stretch emphasis where appropriate, squeeze hard and hold on peak contraction exercises and adjust your concentric and eccentric speeds to eliminate cheating and momentum. You'll add new life to your stale old routines and see your muscle growth explode to new heights!
