Pushtoday
MuscleChemistry Registered Member
[h=1]Arimidex Side Effects[/h]Throughout this profile, it has been clearly stated that the use of Arimidex (or any aromatase inhibitor) should be for the purpose of Estrogen control rather than Estrogen elimination. The reduction of Estrogen in the body can cause negative changes and problems for the body, especially when aromatase inhibitors are utilized and Estrogen is suppressed long-term. Arimidex side effects are generally manageable and are for the most part very different for males rather than females utilizing it, as it has been previously demonstrated in this profile that Arimidex will impact females in a more significant manner than in males due to different endocrine physiology.
Side Effects Associated With Estrogen Reduction
Nearly all Arimidex side effects are resultant of its effect on the body in reduction of total circulating Estrogen levels as a result of the inhibition of the aromatase enzyme. The following are all of the major potential Arimidex side effects associated with Estrogen reduction.
Joint and bone pain: In the post-menopausal female breast cancer patients, it has been demonstrated that the incidence of bone fractures rises with Arimidex use[1]. However, this has for the most part determined to be an issue of females exhibiting a higher sensitivity to Arimidex’s reduction of Estrogen levels, as well as the fact that this is generally the result of long-term Arimidex use. The fact is that Estrogen is an important hormone in the promotion and retention of bone mineral content, and therefore the promotion of increased bone strengthening. This is why post-menopausal females exhibit increased likelihood of developing osteoporosis due to the natural decline in Estrogen levels with age. In males, one study demonstrated that Arimidex’s aromatase inhibition does not negatively impact either kinetically measured rates of bone calcium turnover or indirect markers of bone calcium turnover, at least in the short term[2]. Short term use should present no extreme changes in bone strength; however, many male users will report increased bone and joint pain when Estrogen is reduced far below normal physiological levels due to Arimidex use. This bone and joint pain will always subside following the cessation of Arimidex (or if Arimidex doses are adjusted as such to allow Estrogen levels to return to normal physiological levels).
Fatigue: A commonly reported Arimidex side effect that is just as common as the issue of bone and joint pain in anabolic steroid users that reduce their Estrogen levels too low, persistent fatigue is also a common problem. This, as previously mentioned, is once again the result of Estrogen levels dropping too low. Estrogen is well known for playing a key role in the proper functioning of the CNS (Central Nervous System), and the reduction of Estrogen (with any aromatase inhibitor) below normal physiological levels can and does result in chronic fatigue that can only be properly remedied by allowing circulating Estrogen levels to return to normal.
Negative effects on cholesterol: This is a side effect common of any and all aromatase inhibitors or any substances that reduce total circulating Estrogen levels in the body. Arimidex side effects are no exception to this, and this is perhaps the most important side effect to understand. This side effect is also the reason why this profile has emphasized the control of Estrogen levels rather than the total elimination of them. Estrogen is known to play a very important role through its activity in the liver in generating favorable cholesterol levels (increases in HDL, the good cholesterol, and reductions in LDL, the bad cholesterol). When Estrogen levels are reduced below normal physiological levels, cholesterol changes take turns for the worse where HDL (good) cholesterol decreases and LDL (bad) cholesterol increases, creating an increased risk for CVD (Cardiovascular Diseases).
Studies have been conducted whereby 300mg weekly of Testosterone Enanthate was administered for a 20 week period without the use of an aromatase inhibitor which resulted in a 13% reduction of HDL cholesterol, however, when Testosterone doses were raised to 600mg weekly, reduction of HDL cholesterol had proceeded even further to 21%[3].
Therefore, the examined data exhibits a very evident increase in Estrogen via aromatization and liver metabolism which actually helps to offset the negative cholesterol changes from the use of supraphysiological amounts of anabolic steroids. This makes sense, considering Estrogen itself is known to promote positive impacts on cholesterol levels. Therefore, the use of an aromatase inhibitor and its impact on cholesterol profiles should always be remembered when any user is considering the addition of an aromatase inhibitor during a cycle or even for PCT. It is advisable to instead use minimal doses of an aromatase inhibitor while on a cycle for the purpose of Estrogen control rather than total Estrogen level elimination. The idea in such a case is to keep Estrogen levels within normal ranges and not allow them to skyrocket as a result of aromatization, but at the same time prevent them from dropping to near zero from the use of full doses of an aromatase inhibitor.
Estrogen rebound: This is one of the Arimidex side effects that are very important to understand. It is a side effect generally unique to both Arimidex as well as Letrozole (Femara). The third major aromatase inhibitor, Aromasin (Exemestane) does not exhibit Estrogen rebound. This is because Arimidex and Letrozole are what is known as non-suicidal aromatase inhibitors. Aromasein (Exemestane) is a suicidal aromatase inhibitor. A suicidal aromatase inhibitor (such as Aromasin) indicates that once it has bound to the aromatase enzyme (and thereby inhibiting it), the inhibited enzyme remains bound to aromatase permanently, rendering the enzyme inactive forever. The body will eventually manufacture more aromatase enzymes, but the current bound enzymes are bound indefinitely, eliminating any risk for Estrogen rebound.
Non-suicidal aromatase inhibitors such as Arimidex and Letro, however, are only bound to the aromatase enzyme for limited time periods before the aromatase inhibitors unbind either due to natural metabolism, or through competition with other substrates. If a non-suicidal aromatase inhibitor is halted too abruptly, the circulating inhibited aromatase enzymes that have not been metabolized out of the body will then become free again, and begin aromatizing androgens into Estrogens at an often rapid rate. This is why it is advised to slowly halt administration of Arimidex, and/or slowly reduce the dose and/or frequency of the dose when stopping.
[related-items]
[1] “Switching of postmenopausal women with endocrine-responsive early breast cancer to anastrozole after 2 years’ adjuvant tamoxifen: combined results of ABCSG trial 8 and ARNO 95 trial”. Jakesz R, Jonat W, Gnant M, Mittlboeck M, Greil R, Tausch C, Hilfrich J, Kwasny W, Menzel C, Samonigg H, Seifert M, Gademann G, Kaufmann M, Wolfgang J (2005). Lancet 366 (9484): 455–62. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67059-6. PMID 16084253.
[2] Estrogen suppression in males: metabolic effects. Mauras N; O’Brien KO; Klein KO; Hayes V. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000 Jul;85(7):2370-7 (ISSN: 0021-972X)
[3] Testosterone dose-response relationships in healthy young men. Bhasin S, Woodhouse L. et al. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 281:E1172-81, 2001
[h=1]Letrozole Side Effects[/h]
Being that Letrozole is the most powerful and potent of the three aromatase inhibitors, it must be emphasized that the use of any AI should be for the purpose of Estrogen control rather than Estrogen elimination. The reduction of Estrogen in the body can cause negative changes and problems for the body, especially when aromatase inhibitors are utilized and Estrogen is suppressed long-term. Letrozole side effects are generally manageable and are for the most part very different for males rather than females utilizing it, as it has been previously demonstrated in this profile that Letrozole will impact females in a more significant manner than in males due to different endocrine physiology.
Side Effects Associated With Estrogen Reduction
Nearly all Letrozole side effects are resultant of its effect on the body in reduction of total circulating Estrogen levels as a result of the inhibition of the aromatase enzyme. This is common of all aromatase inhibitors. The following are all of the major potential Letrozole side effects associated with Estrogen reduction.
Joint and bone pain: Anecdotally, bone and joint pain has been a commonly reported effect of Letrozole, and in fact is a more commonly reported effect resulting from Letrozole than any of the other aromatase inhibitors. This is likely due to the fact that Letrozole holds the capability to reduce serum Estrogen levels to far lower levels than all other aromatase inhibitors. The fact is that Estrogen is an important hormone in the promotion and retention of bone mineral content, and therefore the promotion of increased bone strengthening. This is why post-menopausal females exhibit increased likelihood of developing osteoporosis due to the natural decline in Estrogen levels with age. Even in the informational pamphlets created by Health Canada for the generic APO manufactured Letrozole, it clearly states: “Long term use of APO-LETROZOLE may result in a reduction in bone mineral density and may increase the risk of osteoporosis and fracture”[1] . Additionally, studies have demonstrated that Letrozole has demonstrated severe reductions in bone strength in subjects[2]. Short term use should present no extreme changes in bone strength; however, many male users will report increased bone and joint pain when Estrogen is reduced far below normal physiological levels due to Letrozole use. This bone and joint pain will always subside following the cessation of Letrozole (or if Letrozole doses are adjusted as such to allow Estrogen levels to return to normal physiological levels).
Fatigue: A commonly reported Letrozole side effect that is just as common as the issue of bone and joint pain in anabolic steroid users that reduce their Estrogen levels too low, persistent fatigue is also a common problem. This, as previously mentioned, is once again the result of Estrogen levels dropping too low. Estrogen is well known for playing a key role in the proper functioning of the CNS (Central Nervous System), and the reduction of Estrogen (with any aromatase inhibitor) below normal physiological levels can and does result in chronic fatigue that can only be properly remedied by allowing circulating Estrogen levels to return to normal.
Negative effects on cholesterol: This is a side effect common of any and all aromatase inhibitors or any substances that reduce total circulating Estrogen levels in the body. Letrozole side effects are no exception to this, and this is perhaps the most important side effect to understand. This side effect is also the reason why this profile has emphasized the control of Estrogen levels rather than the total elimination of them. Estrogen is known to play a very important role through its activity in the liver in generating favorable cholesterol levels (increases in HDL, the good cholesterol, and reductions in LDL, the bad cholesterol). When Estrogen levels are reduced below normal physiological levels, cholesterol changes take turns for the worse where HDL (good) cholesterol decreases and LDL (bad) cholesterol increases, creating an increased risk for CVD (Cardiovascular Diseases). With this having been said, studies on nearly all aromatase inhibitors have brought forth what are generally inconsistent results (some studies have demonstrated drastic changes in cholesterol levels while others have demonstrated no changes). In general, one particular study involving the use of anabolic steroids with aromatase inhibitors does stand out.
Studies have been conducted whereby 300mg weekly of Testosterone Enanthate was administered for a 20 week period without the use of an aromatase inhibitor which resulted in a 13% reduction of HDL cholesterol, however, when Testosterone doses were raised to 600mg weekly, reduction of HDL cholesterol had proceeded even further to 21%[3].
Therefore, the examined data exhibits a very evident increase in Estrogen via aromatization and liver metabolism which actually helps to offset the negative cholesterol changes from the use of supraphysiological amounts of anabolic steroids. This makes sense, considering Estrogen itself is known to promote positive impacts on cholesterol levels. Therefore, the use of an aromatase inhibitor and its impact on cholesterol profiles should always be remembered when any user is considering the addition of an aromatase inhibitor during a cycle or even for PCT. It is advisable to instead use minimal doses of an aromatase inhibitor while on a cycle for the purpose of Estrogen control rather than total Estrogen level elimination. The idea in such a case is to keep Estrogen levels within normal ranges and not allow them to skyrocket as a result of aromatization, but at the same time prevent them from dropping to near zero from the use of full doses of an aromatase inhibitor.
Estrogen rebound: This is one of the Letrozole side effects that are perhaps the worst out of the two non-suicidal aromatase inhibitors (the two being Letrozole itself and Arimidex). While Arimidex exhibits issues of Estrogen rebound, Letrozole has shown to exhibit far worse rebound upon discontinuation. This side effect is very important to understand. It is a side effect generally unique to both Arimidex as well as Letrozole (Femara). The third major aromatase inhibitor, Aromasin (Exemestane) does not exhibit Estrogen rebound. This is because Arimidex and Letrozole are what is known as non-suicidal aromatase inhibitors. Aromasein (Exemestane) is a suicidal aromatase inhibitor. A suicidal aromatase inhibitor (such as Aromasin) indicates that once it has bound to the aromatase enzyme (and thereby inhibiting it), the inhibited enzyme remains bound to aromatase permanently, rendering the enzyme inactive forever. The body will eventually manufacture more aromatase enzymes, but the current bound enzymes are bound indefinitely, eliminating any risk for Estrogen rebound.
Non-suicidal aromatase inhibitors such as Arimidex and Letro, however, are only bound to the aromatase enzyme for limited time periods before the aromatase inhibitors unbind either due to natural metabolism, or through competition with other substrates. If a non-suicidal aromatase inhibitor is halted too abruptly, the circulating inhibited aromatase enzymes that have not been metabolized out of the body will then become free again, and begin aromatizing androgens into Estrogens at an often rapid rate. This is why it is advised to slowly halt administration of Letrozole, and/or slowly reduce the dose and/or frequency of the dose when stopping. Often times the inclusion of a SERM such as Nolvadex starting several days prior to and following the cessation of Letrozole will be necessary so as to keep the breast tissue receptor sites blocked from any possible Estrogenic activity that results from the rebound, after which Nolvadex administration is halted as Estrogen levels slowly return to baseline.
[related-items]
[1] Fact Sheet Apo-Letrozole. Bureau of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Health Canada.
[2] Effects of the Steroidal Aromatase Inhibitor Exemestane and the Nonsteroidal Aromatase Inhibitor Letrozole on Bone and Lipid Metabolism in Ovariectomized Rats. Paul E. Goss1, Shangle Qi, Angela M. Cheung, Haiqing Hu, Maria Mendes, and Kenneth P. H. Pritzker. Clin Cancer Res September 1, 2004 10; 5717.
[3] Testosterone dose-response relationships in healthy young men. Bhasin S, Woodhouse L. et al. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 281:E1172-81, 2001
[h=1]Aromasin Side Effects[/h]
Throughout this profile, it has been clearly stated that the use of Aromasin (or any aromatase inhibitor) should be for the purpose of Estrogen control rather than Estrogen elimination. The reduction of Estrogen in the body can cause negative changes and problems for the body, especially when aromatase inhibitors are utilized and Estrogen is suppressed long-term. Aromasin side effects are generally manageable and are for the most part very different for males rather than females utilizing it, as it has been previously demonstrated in this profile that Aromasin will impact females in a more significant manner than in males due to different endocrine physiology. This is often the case with all aromatase inhibitors, where the reduction in serum Estrogen levels in females is normally always far greater and fat more significant than in males.
Side Effects Associated With Estrogen Reduction
Nearly all Aromasin side effects are resultant of its effect on the body in reduction of total circulating Estrogen levels as a result of the inhibition of the aromatase enzyme. The following are all of the major potential Aromasin side effects associated with Estrogen reduction.
Joint and bone pain: The fact is that Estrogen is an important hormone in the promotion and retention of bone mineral content, and therefore the promotion of increased bone strengthening. This is why post-menopausal females exhibit increased likelihood of developing osteoporosis due to the natural decline in Estrogen levels with age. Therefore, the reduction in bone strength over time is a characteristic of all aromatase inhibitors, as they all serve to lower total serum levels of Estrogen. However, Aromasin in particular has actually demonstrated in the short term to actually strengthen bone and prevent bone while the use of Arimidex and Letrozole has demonstrated severe reductions in bone strength in the same study[1]. At the same time, long term use among breast cancer patients has demonstrated reduction in bone strength over time. Short term use should present no issues in regards to bone strength and might in fact be beneficial with Aromasin; however, many male users will report increased bone and joint pain when Estrogen is reduced far below normal physiological levels due to Aromasin use. This bone and joint pain will always subside following the cessation of Aromasin (or if Aromasin doses are adjusted as such to allow Estrogen levels to return to normal physiological levels).
Fatigue: A commonly reported Aromasin side effect that is just as common as the issue of bone and joint pain in anabolic steroid users that reduce their Estrogen levels too low, persistent fatigue is also a common problem. This, as previously mentioned, is once again the result of Estrogen levels dropping too low. Estrogen is well known for playing a key role in the proper functioning of the CNS (Central Nervous System), and the reduction of Estrogen (with any aromatase inhibitor) below normal physiological levels can and does result in chronic fatigue that can only be properly remedied by allowing circulating Estrogen levels to return to normal.
Negative effects on cholesterol: This is a side effect common of any and all aromatase inhibitors or any substances that reduce total circulating Estrogen levels in the body. Aromasin side effects are no exception to this. As previously outlined in this profile, Aromasin has exhibited in most studies to impact cholesterol levels negatively to a far less severe degree than all other aromatase inhibitors, but this side effect nevertheless still exists with Aromasin. The fact that it Aromasin exhibits a lesser effect on blood lipid profiles should be reason enough to utilize Aromasin over any of the other aromatase inhibitors.
But this side effect is also the reason why this profile has emphasized the control of Estrogen levels rather than the total elimination of them, and it is important to understand how this mechanism operates. Estrogen is known to play a very important role through its activity in the liver in generating favorable cholesterol levels (increases in HDL, the good cholesterol, and reductions in LDL, the bad cholesterol). When Estrogen levels are reduced below normal physiological levels, cholesterol changes take turns for the worse where HDL (good) cholesterol decreases and LDL (bad) cholesterol increases, creating an increased risk for CVD (Cardiovascular Diseases).
Studies have been conducted whereby 300mg weekly of Testosterone Enanthate was administered for a 20 week period without the use of an aromatase inhibitor which resulted in a 13% reduction of HDL cholesterol, however, when Testosterone doses were raised to 600mg weekly, reduction of HDL cholesterol had proceeded even further to 21%[2].
Therefore, the examined data exhibits a very evident increase in Estrogen via aromatization and liver metabolism which actually helps to offset the negative cholesterol changes from the use of supraphysiological amounts of anabolic steroids. This makes sense, considering Estrogen itself is known to promote positive impacts on cholesterol levels. Therefore, the use of an aromatase inhibitor and its impact on cholesterol profiles should always be remembered when any user is considering the addition of an aromatase inhibitor during a cycle or even for PCT. It is advisable to instead use minimal doses of an aromatase inhibitor while on a cycle for the purpose of Estrogen control rather than total Estrogen level elimination. The idea in such a case is to keep Estrogen levels within normal ranges and not allow them to skyrocket as a result of aromatization, but at the same time prevent them from dropping to near zero from the use of full doses of an aromatase inhibitor.
Androgenic Side Effects
Because Aromasin is a steroidal aromatase inhibitor – a characteristic that neither of the two other major aromatase inhibitors possesses – it does exhibit androgenic activity in the body as evidenced by various studies as well as anecdotal reports by anabolic steroid users. This might even be a beneficial effect for individuals looking to use Aromasin during PCT, which is a period where aggression and drive is often times at an all-time low. As noted by two studies, Arimidex and Letrozole have no androgenic, progestrogenic, or estrogenic effects (such as weight gain, acne, or hypertrichosis), but Aromasin exhibits weak androgenic properties, and its use at higher doses has been associated with steroidal-like side effects such as minor lean mass gain and acne[3] [4]. These effects are normally seen with Aromasin doses of 25mg or higher.
In addition, Aromasin’s metabolite 17-hydroexemestane is a much more potent androgen as well, and also serves to further enhance the androgenic effects of aromasin[5]. It must be understood that Aromasin’s androgenic effect is very minimal at best, but might still present itself in minor levels (tiny bouts of acne, etc.) although individuals that are very sensitive to androgenic side effects should be aware of this. Normally the androgenic effects resultant of Aromasin side effects should not be an issue.
Androgenic side effects can include: increased sebum secretion (oily skin), increased bouts of acne (linked to increased sebum secretion), bodily and facial hair growth, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), and the increased risk of triggering Male Pattern Baldness (MPB) in individuals that possess the genetic trait required for the condition to manifest itself.
[related-items]
[1] Effects of the Steroidal Aromatase Inhibitor Exemestane and the Nonsteroidal Aromatase Inhibitor Letrozole on Bone and Lipid Metabolism in Ovariectomized Rats. Paul E. Goss1, Shangle Qi, Angela M. Cheung, Haiqing Hu, Maria Mendes, and Kenneth P. H. Pritzker. Clin Cancer Res September 1, 2004 10; 5717.
[2] Testosterone dose-response relationships in healthy young men. Bhasin S, Woodhouse L. et al. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 281:E1172-81, 2001
[3] The minimal effective exemestane dose for endocrine activity in advanced breast cancer. Bajetta E., Zilembo N., Noberasco C., Martinetti A., Mariani L., Ferrari L., Buzzoni R., Greco M., Bartoli C., Spagnoli I., Danesini G. M., Artale S., Paolini J. Eur. J. Cancer, 33: 587-591, 1997.
[4] Risks and benefits of aromatase inhibitors in postmenopausal breast cancer. Michaud L. B., Buzdar A. U. Drug Saf., 21: 297-309, 1999.
[5] Exemestane’s 17-hydroxylated metabolite exerts biological effects as an androgen. Eric A. Ariazi, Andrei Leitão, Tudor I. Oprea, Bin Chen, Teresa Louis, Anne Marie Bertucci, Catherine G.N. Sharma, Shaun D. Gill, Helen R. Kim, Heather A. Shupp, Jennifer R. Pyle, Alexis Madrack, Anne L. Donato, Dong Cheng, James R. Paige and V. Craig Jordan. Mol Cancer Ther November 2007 6; 2817
[h=1]Clomid Side Effects[/h]
Clomid tends to hold very little in the way of side effects for males, but there are a few notable Clomid side effects that will manifest themselves in the majority of users that every individual must be aware of. The majority of anabolic steroid users are males, and the majority of the typical Clomid side effects associated with female use of Clomid (for ovarian dysfunction in medicine) should never be seen in males. This is because men and women possess very different endocrine physiology, and any compounds or substances that have agonist/antagonist effects on sex hormones in the endocrine system will indeed exhibit very different effects between males and females. In the case of SERMs, the majority of men tolerate them quite well in comparison to females.
The typical potential Clomid side effects observed among female infertility patients are the following: abnormal bleeding from the uterus, headaches, vision problems, nausea and vomiting, abdominal cramps, vasomotor flushes, ovarian enlargement, OHSS (ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome), and possible long-term use of Clomid might result in ovarian tumor development.
Optic Neuropathy (Vision Problems) and Vision Disturbance
This is perhaps the most commonly reported and very prominent Clomid side effect among males utilizing the compound, and is a side effect largely unseen in its brother compound Nolvadex, which is another reason why it is increasingly suggested that anabolic steroid users switch to Nolvadex for the purpose of hormonal restoration. Not only is Nolvadex the superior compound on a mg for mg basis when it comes to hormonal restoration during PCT, but it does not carry this serious Clomid side effect of optic neuropathy that can also result in permanent vision damage. These effects have been observed both in clinical settings as well as anecdotally among the anabolic steroid using community, and its frequency of occurrence is quite alarming – perhaps alarming enough to encourage the avoidance of Clomid.
One particular study on a female subject experienced immediate vision loss in her left eye following 5 days of Clomid use, and although vision did eventually return in the individual’s eye, the vision was permanently damaged and 20/20 vision was never re-established in that eye[1]. Another study observing three female subjects being treated with Clomid for a 4 – 15 month period resulted in all three of them experiencing diminished peripheral vision, afterimages in the visual field (palinopsia), and severe increases of light sensitivity (photophobia) – all of which did not resolve following the end of Clomid treatment, and the three subjects continued to experience these severe vision problems for 2 – 7 years afterwards[2]. Even worse, the use of Clomid has been linked to even more severe vision problems in certain patients such as mydriasis, flashing lights, central scotoma, photophobia, diplopia, allergic reactions, retinal vasospasms, detachment posterior vitreous, and can increase the risk of cataract development in the eyes[3].
It is not very well understood as to why vision problems are a part of Clomid side effects. Some have hypothesized that it is due to the fact that because Clomid is a mixed agonist/antagonist of the Estrogen receptor, Estrogen is a vasodilator, and various pro-Estrogenic (as well as anti-Estrogenic) effects occur in the eye region. Nolvadex, although it too is a mixed agonist/antagonize of the Estrogen receptor, it has not been found to have the same effects in the areas of the eyes, and at least not to the extent that Clomid does. Because of this, Nolvadex should be a much safer alternative.
It is for these reasons that many anabolic steroid using bodybuilders and athletes have elected to remove Clomid therapy in the middle of a PCT program, as well as the complete avoidance of Clomid use what so ever for any reasons at all. Should an individual begin to experience even the slightest vision disturbances, it is advised that the user halt administration immediately lest the problem becomes worse and permanent vision damage might result. It is also highly advised to avoid the operation of motor vehicles or any other dangerous equipment during Clomid use where the visual disruptions can become so great that it would hinder proper function. These are very serious problems, and it is advised that any individual engaging in the use of Clomid should do so with the utmost of extreme caution, and understand that the risks are very great.
Various Clomid prescription pamphlets in different countries even outline the possible vision problems associated with Clomid use:
“Vision changes (e.g., blurred vision, seeing spots or flashes) may sometimes occur during clomiphene treatment, especially if you are exposed to bright light. These side effects usually go away a few days or weeks after treatment is stopped. However, in rare cases, vision changes may be permanent. Tell your doctor immediately if any of the following occur: vision problems/changes, eye pain”[4]
”This medicine may cause blurred vision, difficulty in reading, or other changes in vision. It may also cause some people to become dizzy or lightheaded. Make sure you know how you react to this medicine before you drive, use machines, or do anything else that could be dangerous if you are not clear-headed or able to see well. If these reactions are especially bothersome, check with your doctor. Less common or rare: Blurred vision; decreased or double vision or other vision problems; seeing flashes of light; sensitivity of eyes to light; yellow eyes or skin”[5]
[related-items]
[1] Optic neuropathy associated with clomiphene citrate therapy. Lawton AW. Fertil Steril. 1994 Feb;61(2):390-1.
[2] Visual disturbance secondary to clomiphene citrate. Purvin VA. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995 Apr;113(4):482-4.
[3] Intrauterine exposure to clomiphene and neonatal persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. Bishai R, Arbour L, Lyons C, Koren G. Teratology. 1999 Sep;60(3):143-5.
[4] http://www.webmd.com/drugs/drug-11204-Clomid.aspx?drugid=11204&drugname=Clomid
[5] http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/drug-information/DR202151
[h=1]Nolvadex Side Effects[/h]
Nolvadex is very well tolerated by many, and especially by men. Very rarely are Nolvadex side effects reported by male anabolic steroid using athletes and bodybuilders. The majority of the side effects associated with Nolvadex are found in female breast cancer patients, where many of the listed potential side effects are unseen in males or are far more pronounced in females than males. This is because the action of Nolvadex’s Estrogen antagonist/agonist properties in females affects them very differently than males due to the vast difference in endocrine physiology between the male and female genders. Because females possess naturally higher Estrogen levels necessary for proper female physiological function, the impact of Nolvadex side effects are far more reaching and more pronounced than in males.
The potential Nolvadex side effects among female breast cancer patients includes: hot flashes, vaginal itching, upset stomach, headaches, dizziness, bone and joint pains, and edema. Less common side effects for female breast cancer patients include: cholesterol changes, altered white blood cell count, altered platelet count, skin rashes, endometrial changes, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism.
The majority of the above listed Nolvadex side effects are normally never apparent in male users, which compose nearly all of the anabolic steroid users that might elect to utilize Nolvadex for whichever reason.
The Myth of Nolvadex Increasing Progesterone Receptor Sensitivity
It makes sense to cover and dispel this commonly held myth here in the Nolvadex side effects portion of the profile. For a very long time it was misunderstood among the anabolic steroid using community that Nolvadex would bind to and activate Progesterone receptors on breast tissue, resulting in increased potential for gynecomastia during the use of Progestogenic 19-nor compounds (such as Nandrolone and Trenbolone, which are themselves Progestins) due to the misunderstanding that Nolvadex would up-regulate the Progesterone receptors. Many individuals then wrongly and/or mistakenly advised individuals among the anabolic steroid using community to avoid the use of Nolvadex during the use of Nandrolone or Trenbolone even if gynecomastia was developing.
Unfortunately, people did not investigate the origins of this myth and misconception lest they would have noticed the errors in understanding. It is well understood (and thoroughly covered in this profile) that Nolvadex is a mixed Estrogen receptor agonist/antagonist. This is the same for Progesterone receptors as well. In various studies, Nolvadex can and does up-regulate the Progesterone receptors in various tissues throughout the body, such as the endometrium (the uterus) in females. This is a commonly known and well documented effect of Nolvadex in females. This is because the endometrium is naturally very sensitive to Estrogen, and therefore the same would occur with anything that acts as an Estrogen (such as Nolvadex) in said tissues.
This is the first part of the confusion as to this particular myth of this Nolvadex side effect. The second part of the myth and misunderstanding is the fact that in breast tissue, Nolvadex acts as an Estrogen antagonist, meaning it will block the Estrogen receptor from allowing Estrogens to bind to it. This should be common knowledge at this point in the profile. The Progesterone receptor is in fact up-regulated in response to Estrogen. Therefore, when the Estrogen receptor is effectively blocked by Nolvadex in breast tissue, the Progesterone receptor will, as a result, down-regulate.
The problem herein lies in the fact that this does not occur in cancer patients, but it does in normal healthy humans. The origin of this myth, therefore, is that one particular study had demonstrated the fact that Nolvadex expressed up-regulation of the Progesterone receptor in the breast tissue of breast cancer patients[1]. The problem with the myth lies in the interpretation of the study: the subjects in the aforementioned study that experienced Progesterone receptor up-regulation were breast cancer patients, not healthy normal human subjects (and not male subjects either). Hormones and their receptor interactions exhibit drastically different behavior within those afflicted with breast cancers as opposed to normal healthy people. Cancers can cause anomalies in the body whereby the body will begin to exhibit very odd behavior and processes that are not ordinary (and often times the exact opposite) of normal human function, and this is a prime example.
If an individual exhibits gynecomastia as a result of Progestogenic 19-nor use (such as Deca Durabolin or Tren), it is perfectly fine and in fact recommended to utilize Nolvadex in order to mitigate the condition.
[related-items]
[1] Aromatase inhibitors: cellular and molecular effects. Miller WR, Anderson TJ, White S, Larionov A, Murray J, Evans D, Krause A, Dixon JM. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2005 May;95(1-5):83-9.
Side Effects Associated With Estrogen Reduction
Nearly all Arimidex side effects are resultant of its effect on the body in reduction of total circulating Estrogen levels as a result of the inhibition of the aromatase enzyme. The following are all of the major potential Arimidex side effects associated with Estrogen reduction.
Joint and bone pain: In the post-menopausal female breast cancer patients, it has been demonstrated that the incidence of bone fractures rises with Arimidex use[1]. However, this has for the most part determined to be an issue of females exhibiting a higher sensitivity to Arimidex’s reduction of Estrogen levels, as well as the fact that this is generally the result of long-term Arimidex use. The fact is that Estrogen is an important hormone in the promotion and retention of bone mineral content, and therefore the promotion of increased bone strengthening. This is why post-menopausal females exhibit increased likelihood of developing osteoporosis due to the natural decline in Estrogen levels with age. In males, one study demonstrated that Arimidex’s aromatase inhibition does not negatively impact either kinetically measured rates of bone calcium turnover or indirect markers of bone calcium turnover, at least in the short term[2]. Short term use should present no extreme changes in bone strength; however, many male users will report increased bone and joint pain when Estrogen is reduced far below normal physiological levels due to Arimidex use. This bone and joint pain will always subside following the cessation of Arimidex (or if Arimidex doses are adjusted as such to allow Estrogen levels to return to normal physiological levels).
Fatigue: A commonly reported Arimidex side effect that is just as common as the issue of bone and joint pain in anabolic steroid users that reduce their Estrogen levels too low, persistent fatigue is also a common problem. This, as previously mentioned, is once again the result of Estrogen levels dropping too low. Estrogen is well known for playing a key role in the proper functioning of the CNS (Central Nervous System), and the reduction of Estrogen (with any aromatase inhibitor) below normal physiological levels can and does result in chronic fatigue that can only be properly remedied by allowing circulating Estrogen levels to return to normal.
Negative effects on cholesterol: This is a side effect common of any and all aromatase inhibitors or any substances that reduce total circulating Estrogen levels in the body. Arimidex side effects are no exception to this, and this is perhaps the most important side effect to understand. This side effect is also the reason why this profile has emphasized the control of Estrogen levels rather than the total elimination of them. Estrogen is known to play a very important role through its activity in the liver in generating favorable cholesterol levels (increases in HDL, the good cholesterol, and reductions in LDL, the bad cholesterol). When Estrogen levels are reduced below normal physiological levels, cholesterol changes take turns for the worse where HDL (good) cholesterol decreases and LDL (bad) cholesterol increases, creating an increased risk for CVD (Cardiovascular Diseases).
Studies have been conducted whereby 300mg weekly of Testosterone Enanthate was administered for a 20 week period without the use of an aromatase inhibitor which resulted in a 13% reduction of HDL cholesterol, however, when Testosterone doses were raised to 600mg weekly, reduction of HDL cholesterol had proceeded even further to 21%[3].
Therefore, the examined data exhibits a very evident increase in Estrogen via aromatization and liver metabolism which actually helps to offset the negative cholesterol changes from the use of supraphysiological amounts of anabolic steroids. This makes sense, considering Estrogen itself is known to promote positive impacts on cholesterol levels. Therefore, the use of an aromatase inhibitor and its impact on cholesterol profiles should always be remembered when any user is considering the addition of an aromatase inhibitor during a cycle or even for PCT. It is advisable to instead use minimal doses of an aromatase inhibitor while on a cycle for the purpose of Estrogen control rather than total Estrogen level elimination. The idea in such a case is to keep Estrogen levels within normal ranges and not allow them to skyrocket as a result of aromatization, but at the same time prevent them from dropping to near zero from the use of full doses of an aromatase inhibitor.
Estrogen rebound: This is one of the Arimidex side effects that are very important to understand. It is a side effect generally unique to both Arimidex as well as Letrozole (Femara). The third major aromatase inhibitor, Aromasin (Exemestane) does not exhibit Estrogen rebound. This is because Arimidex and Letrozole are what is known as non-suicidal aromatase inhibitors. Aromasein (Exemestane) is a suicidal aromatase inhibitor. A suicidal aromatase inhibitor (such as Aromasin) indicates that once it has bound to the aromatase enzyme (and thereby inhibiting it), the inhibited enzyme remains bound to aromatase permanently, rendering the enzyme inactive forever. The body will eventually manufacture more aromatase enzymes, but the current bound enzymes are bound indefinitely, eliminating any risk for Estrogen rebound.
Non-suicidal aromatase inhibitors such as Arimidex and Letro, however, are only bound to the aromatase enzyme for limited time periods before the aromatase inhibitors unbind either due to natural metabolism, or through competition with other substrates. If a non-suicidal aromatase inhibitor is halted too abruptly, the circulating inhibited aromatase enzymes that have not been metabolized out of the body will then become free again, and begin aromatizing androgens into Estrogens at an often rapid rate. This is why it is advised to slowly halt administration of Arimidex, and/or slowly reduce the dose and/or frequency of the dose when stopping.
[related-items]
[1] “Switching of postmenopausal women with endocrine-responsive early breast cancer to anastrozole after 2 years’ adjuvant tamoxifen: combined results of ABCSG trial 8 and ARNO 95 trial”. Jakesz R, Jonat W, Gnant M, Mittlboeck M, Greil R, Tausch C, Hilfrich J, Kwasny W, Menzel C, Samonigg H, Seifert M, Gademann G, Kaufmann M, Wolfgang J (2005). Lancet 366 (9484): 455–62. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67059-6. PMID 16084253.
[2] Estrogen suppression in males: metabolic effects. Mauras N; O’Brien KO; Klein KO; Hayes V. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000 Jul;85(7):2370-7 (ISSN: 0021-972X)
[3] Testosterone dose-response relationships in healthy young men. Bhasin S, Woodhouse L. et al. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 281:E1172-81, 2001
[h=1]Letrozole Side Effects[/h]
Being that Letrozole is the most powerful and potent of the three aromatase inhibitors, it must be emphasized that the use of any AI should be for the purpose of Estrogen control rather than Estrogen elimination. The reduction of Estrogen in the body can cause negative changes and problems for the body, especially when aromatase inhibitors are utilized and Estrogen is suppressed long-term. Letrozole side effects are generally manageable and are for the most part very different for males rather than females utilizing it, as it has been previously demonstrated in this profile that Letrozole will impact females in a more significant manner than in males due to different endocrine physiology.
Side Effects Associated With Estrogen Reduction
Nearly all Letrozole side effects are resultant of its effect on the body in reduction of total circulating Estrogen levels as a result of the inhibition of the aromatase enzyme. This is common of all aromatase inhibitors. The following are all of the major potential Letrozole side effects associated with Estrogen reduction.
Joint and bone pain: Anecdotally, bone and joint pain has been a commonly reported effect of Letrozole, and in fact is a more commonly reported effect resulting from Letrozole than any of the other aromatase inhibitors. This is likely due to the fact that Letrozole holds the capability to reduce serum Estrogen levels to far lower levels than all other aromatase inhibitors. The fact is that Estrogen is an important hormone in the promotion and retention of bone mineral content, and therefore the promotion of increased bone strengthening. This is why post-menopausal females exhibit increased likelihood of developing osteoporosis due to the natural decline in Estrogen levels with age. Even in the informational pamphlets created by Health Canada for the generic APO manufactured Letrozole, it clearly states: “Long term use of APO-LETROZOLE may result in a reduction in bone mineral density and may increase the risk of osteoporosis and fracture”[1] . Additionally, studies have demonstrated that Letrozole has demonstrated severe reductions in bone strength in subjects[2]. Short term use should present no extreme changes in bone strength; however, many male users will report increased bone and joint pain when Estrogen is reduced far below normal physiological levels due to Letrozole use. This bone and joint pain will always subside following the cessation of Letrozole (or if Letrozole doses are adjusted as such to allow Estrogen levels to return to normal physiological levels).
Fatigue: A commonly reported Letrozole side effect that is just as common as the issue of bone and joint pain in anabolic steroid users that reduce their Estrogen levels too low, persistent fatigue is also a common problem. This, as previously mentioned, is once again the result of Estrogen levels dropping too low. Estrogen is well known for playing a key role in the proper functioning of the CNS (Central Nervous System), and the reduction of Estrogen (with any aromatase inhibitor) below normal physiological levels can and does result in chronic fatigue that can only be properly remedied by allowing circulating Estrogen levels to return to normal.
Negative effects on cholesterol: This is a side effect common of any and all aromatase inhibitors or any substances that reduce total circulating Estrogen levels in the body. Letrozole side effects are no exception to this, and this is perhaps the most important side effect to understand. This side effect is also the reason why this profile has emphasized the control of Estrogen levels rather than the total elimination of them. Estrogen is known to play a very important role through its activity in the liver in generating favorable cholesterol levels (increases in HDL, the good cholesterol, and reductions in LDL, the bad cholesterol). When Estrogen levels are reduced below normal physiological levels, cholesterol changes take turns for the worse where HDL (good) cholesterol decreases and LDL (bad) cholesterol increases, creating an increased risk for CVD (Cardiovascular Diseases). With this having been said, studies on nearly all aromatase inhibitors have brought forth what are generally inconsistent results (some studies have demonstrated drastic changes in cholesterol levels while others have demonstrated no changes). In general, one particular study involving the use of anabolic steroids with aromatase inhibitors does stand out.
Studies have been conducted whereby 300mg weekly of Testosterone Enanthate was administered for a 20 week period without the use of an aromatase inhibitor which resulted in a 13% reduction of HDL cholesterol, however, when Testosterone doses were raised to 600mg weekly, reduction of HDL cholesterol had proceeded even further to 21%[3].
Therefore, the examined data exhibits a very evident increase in Estrogen via aromatization and liver metabolism which actually helps to offset the negative cholesterol changes from the use of supraphysiological amounts of anabolic steroids. This makes sense, considering Estrogen itself is known to promote positive impacts on cholesterol levels. Therefore, the use of an aromatase inhibitor and its impact on cholesterol profiles should always be remembered when any user is considering the addition of an aromatase inhibitor during a cycle or even for PCT. It is advisable to instead use minimal doses of an aromatase inhibitor while on a cycle for the purpose of Estrogen control rather than total Estrogen level elimination. The idea in such a case is to keep Estrogen levels within normal ranges and not allow them to skyrocket as a result of aromatization, but at the same time prevent them from dropping to near zero from the use of full doses of an aromatase inhibitor.
Estrogen rebound: This is one of the Letrozole side effects that are perhaps the worst out of the two non-suicidal aromatase inhibitors (the two being Letrozole itself and Arimidex). While Arimidex exhibits issues of Estrogen rebound, Letrozole has shown to exhibit far worse rebound upon discontinuation. This side effect is very important to understand. It is a side effect generally unique to both Arimidex as well as Letrozole (Femara). The third major aromatase inhibitor, Aromasin (Exemestane) does not exhibit Estrogen rebound. This is because Arimidex and Letrozole are what is known as non-suicidal aromatase inhibitors. Aromasein (Exemestane) is a suicidal aromatase inhibitor. A suicidal aromatase inhibitor (such as Aromasin) indicates that once it has bound to the aromatase enzyme (and thereby inhibiting it), the inhibited enzyme remains bound to aromatase permanently, rendering the enzyme inactive forever. The body will eventually manufacture more aromatase enzymes, but the current bound enzymes are bound indefinitely, eliminating any risk for Estrogen rebound.
Non-suicidal aromatase inhibitors such as Arimidex and Letro, however, are only bound to the aromatase enzyme for limited time periods before the aromatase inhibitors unbind either due to natural metabolism, or through competition with other substrates. If a non-suicidal aromatase inhibitor is halted too abruptly, the circulating inhibited aromatase enzymes that have not been metabolized out of the body will then become free again, and begin aromatizing androgens into Estrogens at an often rapid rate. This is why it is advised to slowly halt administration of Letrozole, and/or slowly reduce the dose and/or frequency of the dose when stopping. Often times the inclusion of a SERM such as Nolvadex starting several days prior to and following the cessation of Letrozole will be necessary so as to keep the breast tissue receptor sites blocked from any possible Estrogenic activity that results from the rebound, after which Nolvadex administration is halted as Estrogen levels slowly return to baseline.
[related-items]
[1] Fact Sheet Apo-Letrozole. Bureau of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Health Canada.
[2] Effects of the Steroidal Aromatase Inhibitor Exemestane and the Nonsteroidal Aromatase Inhibitor Letrozole on Bone and Lipid Metabolism in Ovariectomized Rats. Paul E. Goss1, Shangle Qi, Angela M. Cheung, Haiqing Hu, Maria Mendes, and Kenneth P. H. Pritzker. Clin Cancer Res September 1, 2004 10; 5717.
[3] Testosterone dose-response relationships in healthy young men. Bhasin S, Woodhouse L. et al. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 281:E1172-81, 2001
[h=1]Aromasin Side Effects[/h]
Throughout this profile, it has been clearly stated that the use of Aromasin (or any aromatase inhibitor) should be for the purpose of Estrogen control rather than Estrogen elimination. The reduction of Estrogen in the body can cause negative changes and problems for the body, especially when aromatase inhibitors are utilized and Estrogen is suppressed long-term. Aromasin side effects are generally manageable and are for the most part very different for males rather than females utilizing it, as it has been previously demonstrated in this profile that Aromasin will impact females in a more significant manner than in males due to different endocrine physiology. This is often the case with all aromatase inhibitors, where the reduction in serum Estrogen levels in females is normally always far greater and fat more significant than in males.
Side Effects Associated With Estrogen Reduction
Nearly all Aromasin side effects are resultant of its effect on the body in reduction of total circulating Estrogen levels as a result of the inhibition of the aromatase enzyme. The following are all of the major potential Aromasin side effects associated with Estrogen reduction.
Joint and bone pain: The fact is that Estrogen is an important hormone in the promotion and retention of bone mineral content, and therefore the promotion of increased bone strengthening. This is why post-menopausal females exhibit increased likelihood of developing osteoporosis due to the natural decline in Estrogen levels with age. Therefore, the reduction in bone strength over time is a characteristic of all aromatase inhibitors, as they all serve to lower total serum levels of Estrogen. However, Aromasin in particular has actually demonstrated in the short term to actually strengthen bone and prevent bone while the use of Arimidex and Letrozole has demonstrated severe reductions in bone strength in the same study[1]. At the same time, long term use among breast cancer patients has demonstrated reduction in bone strength over time. Short term use should present no issues in regards to bone strength and might in fact be beneficial with Aromasin; however, many male users will report increased bone and joint pain when Estrogen is reduced far below normal physiological levels due to Aromasin use. This bone and joint pain will always subside following the cessation of Aromasin (or if Aromasin doses are adjusted as such to allow Estrogen levels to return to normal physiological levels).
Fatigue: A commonly reported Aromasin side effect that is just as common as the issue of bone and joint pain in anabolic steroid users that reduce their Estrogen levels too low, persistent fatigue is also a common problem. This, as previously mentioned, is once again the result of Estrogen levels dropping too low. Estrogen is well known for playing a key role in the proper functioning of the CNS (Central Nervous System), and the reduction of Estrogen (with any aromatase inhibitor) below normal physiological levels can and does result in chronic fatigue that can only be properly remedied by allowing circulating Estrogen levels to return to normal.
Negative effects on cholesterol: This is a side effect common of any and all aromatase inhibitors or any substances that reduce total circulating Estrogen levels in the body. Aromasin side effects are no exception to this. As previously outlined in this profile, Aromasin has exhibited in most studies to impact cholesterol levels negatively to a far less severe degree than all other aromatase inhibitors, but this side effect nevertheless still exists with Aromasin. The fact that it Aromasin exhibits a lesser effect on blood lipid profiles should be reason enough to utilize Aromasin over any of the other aromatase inhibitors.
But this side effect is also the reason why this profile has emphasized the control of Estrogen levels rather than the total elimination of them, and it is important to understand how this mechanism operates. Estrogen is known to play a very important role through its activity in the liver in generating favorable cholesterol levels (increases in HDL, the good cholesterol, and reductions in LDL, the bad cholesterol). When Estrogen levels are reduced below normal physiological levels, cholesterol changes take turns for the worse where HDL (good) cholesterol decreases and LDL (bad) cholesterol increases, creating an increased risk for CVD (Cardiovascular Diseases).
Studies have been conducted whereby 300mg weekly of Testosterone Enanthate was administered for a 20 week period without the use of an aromatase inhibitor which resulted in a 13% reduction of HDL cholesterol, however, when Testosterone doses were raised to 600mg weekly, reduction of HDL cholesterol had proceeded even further to 21%[2].
Therefore, the examined data exhibits a very evident increase in Estrogen via aromatization and liver metabolism which actually helps to offset the negative cholesterol changes from the use of supraphysiological amounts of anabolic steroids. This makes sense, considering Estrogen itself is known to promote positive impacts on cholesterol levels. Therefore, the use of an aromatase inhibitor and its impact on cholesterol profiles should always be remembered when any user is considering the addition of an aromatase inhibitor during a cycle or even for PCT. It is advisable to instead use minimal doses of an aromatase inhibitor while on a cycle for the purpose of Estrogen control rather than total Estrogen level elimination. The idea in such a case is to keep Estrogen levels within normal ranges and not allow them to skyrocket as a result of aromatization, but at the same time prevent them from dropping to near zero from the use of full doses of an aromatase inhibitor.
Androgenic Side Effects
Because Aromasin is a steroidal aromatase inhibitor – a characteristic that neither of the two other major aromatase inhibitors possesses – it does exhibit androgenic activity in the body as evidenced by various studies as well as anecdotal reports by anabolic steroid users. This might even be a beneficial effect for individuals looking to use Aromasin during PCT, which is a period where aggression and drive is often times at an all-time low. As noted by two studies, Arimidex and Letrozole have no androgenic, progestrogenic, or estrogenic effects (such as weight gain, acne, or hypertrichosis), but Aromasin exhibits weak androgenic properties, and its use at higher doses has been associated with steroidal-like side effects such as minor lean mass gain and acne[3] [4]. These effects are normally seen with Aromasin doses of 25mg or higher.
In addition, Aromasin’s metabolite 17-hydroexemestane is a much more potent androgen as well, and also serves to further enhance the androgenic effects of aromasin[5]. It must be understood that Aromasin’s androgenic effect is very minimal at best, but might still present itself in minor levels (tiny bouts of acne, etc.) although individuals that are very sensitive to androgenic side effects should be aware of this. Normally the androgenic effects resultant of Aromasin side effects should not be an issue.
Androgenic side effects can include: increased sebum secretion (oily skin), increased bouts of acne (linked to increased sebum secretion), bodily and facial hair growth, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), and the increased risk of triggering Male Pattern Baldness (MPB) in individuals that possess the genetic trait required for the condition to manifest itself.
[related-items]
[1] Effects of the Steroidal Aromatase Inhibitor Exemestane and the Nonsteroidal Aromatase Inhibitor Letrozole on Bone and Lipid Metabolism in Ovariectomized Rats. Paul E. Goss1, Shangle Qi, Angela M. Cheung, Haiqing Hu, Maria Mendes, and Kenneth P. H. Pritzker. Clin Cancer Res September 1, 2004 10; 5717.
[2] Testosterone dose-response relationships in healthy young men. Bhasin S, Woodhouse L. et al. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 281:E1172-81, 2001
[3] The minimal effective exemestane dose for endocrine activity in advanced breast cancer. Bajetta E., Zilembo N., Noberasco C., Martinetti A., Mariani L., Ferrari L., Buzzoni R., Greco M., Bartoli C., Spagnoli I., Danesini G. M., Artale S., Paolini J. Eur. J. Cancer, 33: 587-591, 1997.
[4] Risks and benefits of aromatase inhibitors in postmenopausal breast cancer. Michaud L. B., Buzdar A. U. Drug Saf., 21: 297-309, 1999.
[5] Exemestane’s 17-hydroxylated metabolite exerts biological effects as an androgen. Eric A. Ariazi, Andrei Leitão, Tudor I. Oprea, Bin Chen, Teresa Louis, Anne Marie Bertucci, Catherine G.N. Sharma, Shaun D. Gill, Helen R. Kim, Heather A. Shupp, Jennifer R. Pyle, Alexis Madrack, Anne L. Donato, Dong Cheng, James R. Paige and V. Craig Jordan. Mol Cancer Ther November 2007 6; 2817
[h=1]Clomid Side Effects[/h]
Clomid tends to hold very little in the way of side effects for males, but there are a few notable Clomid side effects that will manifest themselves in the majority of users that every individual must be aware of. The majority of anabolic steroid users are males, and the majority of the typical Clomid side effects associated with female use of Clomid (for ovarian dysfunction in medicine) should never be seen in males. This is because men and women possess very different endocrine physiology, and any compounds or substances that have agonist/antagonist effects on sex hormones in the endocrine system will indeed exhibit very different effects between males and females. In the case of SERMs, the majority of men tolerate them quite well in comparison to females.
The typical potential Clomid side effects observed among female infertility patients are the following: abnormal bleeding from the uterus, headaches, vision problems, nausea and vomiting, abdominal cramps, vasomotor flushes, ovarian enlargement, OHSS (ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome), and possible long-term use of Clomid might result in ovarian tumor development.
Optic Neuropathy (Vision Problems) and Vision Disturbance
This is perhaps the most commonly reported and very prominent Clomid side effect among males utilizing the compound, and is a side effect largely unseen in its brother compound Nolvadex, which is another reason why it is increasingly suggested that anabolic steroid users switch to Nolvadex for the purpose of hormonal restoration. Not only is Nolvadex the superior compound on a mg for mg basis when it comes to hormonal restoration during PCT, but it does not carry this serious Clomid side effect of optic neuropathy that can also result in permanent vision damage. These effects have been observed both in clinical settings as well as anecdotally among the anabolic steroid using community, and its frequency of occurrence is quite alarming – perhaps alarming enough to encourage the avoidance of Clomid.
One particular study on a female subject experienced immediate vision loss in her left eye following 5 days of Clomid use, and although vision did eventually return in the individual’s eye, the vision was permanently damaged and 20/20 vision was never re-established in that eye[1]. Another study observing three female subjects being treated with Clomid for a 4 – 15 month period resulted in all three of them experiencing diminished peripheral vision, afterimages in the visual field (palinopsia), and severe increases of light sensitivity (photophobia) – all of which did not resolve following the end of Clomid treatment, and the three subjects continued to experience these severe vision problems for 2 – 7 years afterwards[2]. Even worse, the use of Clomid has been linked to even more severe vision problems in certain patients such as mydriasis, flashing lights, central scotoma, photophobia, diplopia, allergic reactions, retinal vasospasms, detachment posterior vitreous, and can increase the risk of cataract development in the eyes[3].
It is not very well understood as to why vision problems are a part of Clomid side effects. Some have hypothesized that it is due to the fact that because Clomid is a mixed agonist/antagonist of the Estrogen receptor, Estrogen is a vasodilator, and various pro-Estrogenic (as well as anti-Estrogenic) effects occur in the eye region. Nolvadex, although it too is a mixed agonist/antagonize of the Estrogen receptor, it has not been found to have the same effects in the areas of the eyes, and at least not to the extent that Clomid does. Because of this, Nolvadex should be a much safer alternative.
It is for these reasons that many anabolic steroid using bodybuilders and athletes have elected to remove Clomid therapy in the middle of a PCT program, as well as the complete avoidance of Clomid use what so ever for any reasons at all. Should an individual begin to experience even the slightest vision disturbances, it is advised that the user halt administration immediately lest the problem becomes worse and permanent vision damage might result. It is also highly advised to avoid the operation of motor vehicles or any other dangerous equipment during Clomid use where the visual disruptions can become so great that it would hinder proper function. These are very serious problems, and it is advised that any individual engaging in the use of Clomid should do so with the utmost of extreme caution, and understand that the risks are very great.
Various Clomid prescription pamphlets in different countries even outline the possible vision problems associated with Clomid use:
“Vision changes (e.g., blurred vision, seeing spots or flashes) may sometimes occur during clomiphene treatment, especially if you are exposed to bright light. These side effects usually go away a few days or weeks after treatment is stopped. However, in rare cases, vision changes may be permanent. Tell your doctor immediately if any of the following occur: vision problems/changes, eye pain”[4]
”This medicine may cause blurred vision, difficulty in reading, or other changes in vision. It may also cause some people to become dizzy or lightheaded. Make sure you know how you react to this medicine before you drive, use machines, or do anything else that could be dangerous if you are not clear-headed or able to see well. If these reactions are especially bothersome, check with your doctor. Less common or rare: Blurred vision; decreased or double vision or other vision problems; seeing flashes of light; sensitivity of eyes to light; yellow eyes or skin”[5]
[related-items]
[1] Optic neuropathy associated with clomiphene citrate therapy. Lawton AW. Fertil Steril. 1994 Feb;61(2):390-1.
[2] Visual disturbance secondary to clomiphene citrate. Purvin VA. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995 Apr;113(4):482-4.
[3] Intrauterine exposure to clomiphene and neonatal persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. Bishai R, Arbour L, Lyons C, Koren G. Teratology. 1999 Sep;60(3):143-5.
[4] http://www.webmd.com/drugs/drug-11204-Clomid.aspx?drugid=11204&drugname=Clomid
[5] http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/drug-information/DR202151
[h=1]Nolvadex Side Effects[/h]
Nolvadex is very well tolerated by many, and especially by men. Very rarely are Nolvadex side effects reported by male anabolic steroid using athletes and bodybuilders. The majority of the side effects associated with Nolvadex are found in female breast cancer patients, where many of the listed potential side effects are unseen in males or are far more pronounced in females than males. This is because the action of Nolvadex’s Estrogen antagonist/agonist properties in females affects them very differently than males due to the vast difference in endocrine physiology between the male and female genders. Because females possess naturally higher Estrogen levels necessary for proper female physiological function, the impact of Nolvadex side effects are far more reaching and more pronounced than in males.
The potential Nolvadex side effects among female breast cancer patients includes: hot flashes, vaginal itching, upset stomach, headaches, dizziness, bone and joint pains, and edema. Less common side effects for female breast cancer patients include: cholesterol changes, altered white blood cell count, altered platelet count, skin rashes, endometrial changes, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism.
The majority of the above listed Nolvadex side effects are normally never apparent in male users, which compose nearly all of the anabolic steroid users that might elect to utilize Nolvadex for whichever reason.
The Myth of Nolvadex Increasing Progesterone Receptor Sensitivity
It makes sense to cover and dispel this commonly held myth here in the Nolvadex side effects portion of the profile. For a very long time it was misunderstood among the anabolic steroid using community that Nolvadex would bind to and activate Progesterone receptors on breast tissue, resulting in increased potential for gynecomastia during the use of Progestogenic 19-nor compounds (such as Nandrolone and Trenbolone, which are themselves Progestins) due to the misunderstanding that Nolvadex would up-regulate the Progesterone receptors. Many individuals then wrongly and/or mistakenly advised individuals among the anabolic steroid using community to avoid the use of Nolvadex during the use of Nandrolone or Trenbolone even if gynecomastia was developing.
Unfortunately, people did not investigate the origins of this myth and misconception lest they would have noticed the errors in understanding. It is well understood (and thoroughly covered in this profile) that Nolvadex is a mixed Estrogen receptor agonist/antagonist. This is the same for Progesterone receptors as well. In various studies, Nolvadex can and does up-regulate the Progesterone receptors in various tissues throughout the body, such as the endometrium (the uterus) in females. This is a commonly known and well documented effect of Nolvadex in females. This is because the endometrium is naturally very sensitive to Estrogen, and therefore the same would occur with anything that acts as an Estrogen (such as Nolvadex) in said tissues.
This is the first part of the confusion as to this particular myth of this Nolvadex side effect. The second part of the myth and misunderstanding is the fact that in breast tissue, Nolvadex acts as an Estrogen antagonist, meaning it will block the Estrogen receptor from allowing Estrogens to bind to it. This should be common knowledge at this point in the profile. The Progesterone receptor is in fact up-regulated in response to Estrogen. Therefore, when the Estrogen receptor is effectively blocked by Nolvadex in breast tissue, the Progesterone receptor will, as a result, down-regulate.
The problem herein lies in the fact that this does not occur in cancer patients, but it does in normal healthy humans. The origin of this myth, therefore, is that one particular study had demonstrated the fact that Nolvadex expressed up-regulation of the Progesterone receptor in the breast tissue of breast cancer patients[1]. The problem with the myth lies in the interpretation of the study: the subjects in the aforementioned study that experienced Progesterone receptor up-regulation were breast cancer patients, not healthy normal human subjects (and not male subjects either). Hormones and their receptor interactions exhibit drastically different behavior within those afflicted with breast cancers as opposed to normal healthy people. Cancers can cause anomalies in the body whereby the body will begin to exhibit very odd behavior and processes that are not ordinary (and often times the exact opposite) of normal human function, and this is a prime example.
If an individual exhibits gynecomastia as a result of Progestogenic 19-nor use (such as Deca Durabolin or Tren), it is perfectly fine and in fact recommended to utilize Nolvadex in order to mitigate the condition.
[related-items]
[1] Aromatase inhibitors: cellular and molecular effects. Miller WR, Anderson TJ, White S, Larionov A, Murray J, Evans D, Krause A, Dixon JM. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2005 May;95(1-5):83-9.
