| Name | Abbreviation | Tissue | Cells | Receptor | Target Tissue | Effect |
|---|
| Amylin (or Islet Amyloid Polypeptide) | IAPP | pancreas | pancreatic β-cells | amylin receptor | | slowing down gastric emptying, inhibition of digestive secretion, and reducing food intake |
| Anti-Müllerian hormone (or Müllerian inhibiting factor or hormone) | AMH | testes | Sertoli cell | AMHR2 | | Inhibit release of prolactin and TRH from anterior pituitary |
| Adiponectin | Acrp30 | adipose tissue | | adiponectin receptors | | |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (or corticotropin) | ACTH | anterior pituitary | corticotrope | ACTH receptor → cAMP | | synthesis of corticosteroids (glucocorticoids and androgens) in adrenocortical cells |
| Angiotensinogen and angiotensin | AGT | liver | | angiotensin receptor → IP[SUB]3[/SUB] | | vasoconstrictionrelease of aldosterone from adrenal cortex dipsogen. |
| Antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin, arginine vasopressin) | ADH | posterior pituitary | Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons in hypothalamus
Magnocellular neurosecretory cellsin posterior pituitary | AVPRs, VACM-1 | | retention of water in kidneys
moderate vasoconstriction
Release ACTH in anterior pituitary |
| Atrial-natriuretic peptide (or atriopeptin) | ANP | heart | | ANP receptor →cGMP | | |
| Brain natriuretic peptide | BNP | heart[SUP][dubious – discuss][/SUP] | Cardiac myocytes | NPR | | (To a minor degree than ANP) reduce blood pressure by:reducing systemic vascular resistance, reducing blood water, sodium and fats |
| Calcitonin | CT | thyroid gland | parafollicular cell | CT receptor → cAMP | | Construct bone, reduce blood Ca[SUP]2+[/SUP] |
| Cholecystokinin | CCK | duodenum | | CCK receptor | | Release of digestive enzymes from pancreas
Release of bile from gallbladder
Hunger suppressant |
| Corticotropin-releasing hormone | CRH | hypothalamus | | CRF1 → cAMP | | Release ACTH from anterior pituitary |
| Cortistatin | CORT | cerebral cortex | inhibitory neurons | Somatostatin receptor | | depression of neuronal activity; induction of slow-wave sleep; reduction of locomotor activity; activation of cation selective currents not responsive to somatostatin |
| Enkephalin | | Kidney | Chromaffin cells | Opioid receptor | | Regulate pain |
| Endothelin | | Vascular endothelium | Endothelial cells | ET receptor | | Smooth muscle contraction of medium-sized vessels |
| Erythropoietin | EPO | kidney | Extraglomerular mesangial cells | EpoR | | Stimulate erythrocyte production |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone | FSH | anterior pituitary | gonadotrope | FSH receptor → cAMP | | In female: stimulates maturation of Graafian follicles in ovary.In male: spermatogenesis, enhances production of androgen-binding protein by the Sertoli cells of the testes |
| Galanin | GAL | central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract | | GALR1, GALR2, and GALR3 | | modulation and inhibition of action potentials in neurons |
| Gastric inhibitory polypeptide | GIP | mucosa of the duodenum and thejejunum | K cell | GIPR | | Induces insulin secretion |
| Gastrin | GRP | stomach, duodenum | G cell | CCK[SUB]2[/SUB] | | Secretion of gastric acid by parietal cells |
| Ghrelin | | stomach | P/D1 cell | ghrelin receptor | | Stimulate appetite,secretion of growth hormone from anterior pituitary gland |
| Glucagon | GCG | pancreas | alpha cells | Glucagon receptor→ cAMP | | glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liverincreases blood glucose level |
| Glucagon-like peptide-1 | GLP1 | iIeum | L cells | GLP1R, GLP2R | pancreatic beta cells | Stimulates the adenylyl cyclase pathway, resulting in increased synthesis and release ofinsulin |
| Gonadotropin-releasing hormone | GnRH | hypothalamus | | GnRH receptor → IP[SUB]3[/SUB] | | Release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary. |
| Growth hormone-releasing hormone | GHRH | hypothalamus | | GHRH receptor → IP[SUB]3[/SUB] | | Release GH from anterior pituitary |
| Hepcidin | HAMP | liver | | ferroportin | | inhibits iron export from cells |
| Human chorionic gonadotropin | hCG | placenta | syncytiotrophoblast cells | LH receptor → cAMP | | promote maintenance of corpus luteum during beginning of pregnancyInhibit immune response, towards the human embryo. |
| Human placental lactogen | HPL | placenta | | | | increase production of insulin and IGF-1increase insulin resistance and carbohydrate intolerance |
| Growth hormone | GH or hGH | anterior pituitary | somatotropes | GH receptor | | stimulates growth and cell reproductionRelease Insulin-like growth factor 1 from liver |
| Inhibin | | testes, ovary, fetus | Sertoli cells of testes
granulosa cells of ovary
trophoblasts in fetus | anterior pituitary | | Inhibit production of FSH |
| Insulin | INS | pancreas | beta cells | insulin receptor,IGF-1, IGF-2 | | Intake of glucose, glycogenesis and glycolysis in liver and muscle from bloodintake of lipids and synthesis of triglycerides in adipocytes Other anabolic effects |
| Insulin-like growth factor (or somatomedin) | IGF | liver | Hepatocytes | insulin receptor,IGF-1 | | insulin-like effectsregulate cell growth and development |
| Leptin | LEP | adipose tissue | | LEP-R | | decrease of appetite and increase of metabolism. |
| Lipotropin | LPH | anterior pituitary | Corticotropes | | | lipolysis and steroidogenesis,
stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin |
| Luteinizing hormone | LH | anterior pituitary | gonadotropes | LHR → cAMP | | In female: ovulationIn male: stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone |
| Melanocyte stimulating hormone | MSH or α-MSH | anterior pituitary/pars intermedia | Melanotroph | melanocortin receptor → cAMP | | melanogenesis by melanocytes in skin and hair |
| Motilin | MLN | Small intestine | | Motilin receptor | | stimulates gastric activity |
| Orexin | | hypothalamus | | OX[SUB]1[/SUB], OX[SUB]2[/SUB] | | wakefulness and increased energy expenditure, increased appetite |
| Oxytocin | OXT | posterior pituitary | Magnocellular neurosecretory cells | OXT receptor → IP[SUB]3[/SUB] | | release breast milkContraction of cervix and vagina Involved in orgasm, trust between people.[SUP][1][/SUP] and circadian homeostasis (body temperature, activity level, wakefulness).[SUP][2][/SUP] |
| Pancreatic polypeptide | | Pancreas | PP cells | pancreatic polypeptide receptor 1 | | Self-regulation of pancreatic secretions (endocrine and exocrine). It also affects hepatic glycogen levels and gastrointestinal secretions. |
| Parathyroid hormone | PTH | parathyroid gland | parathyroid chief cell | PTH receptor → cAMP | | increase blood Ca[SUP]2+[/SUP]:
(Slightly) decrease blood phosphate:
- (decreased reuptake in kidney but increased uptake from bones
- activate vitamin D)
|
| Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide | PACAP | multiple | | ADCYAP1R1,VIPR1, VIPR2 | | Stimulates enterochromaffin-like cells |
| Prolactin | PRL | anterior pituitary, uterus | lactotrophs of anterior pituitary
Decidual cells of uterus | PRL receptor | | milk production in mammary glands
sexual gratification after sexual acts |
| Prolactin releasing hormone | PRH | hypothalamus | | | | Release prolactin from anterior pituitary |
| Relaxin | RLN | uterus | Decidual cells | RLN receptor | | Unclear in humans |
| Renin | | Kidney | Juxtaglomerular cells | | | Activates the renin-angiotensin system by producing angiotensin I of angiotensinogen |
| Secretin | SCT | duodenum | S cell | SCT receptor | | Secretion of bicarbonate from liver, pancreas and duodenal Brunner's glandsEnhances effects of cholecystokinin Stops production of gastric juice |
| Somatostatin | SRIF | hypothalamus, islets of Langerhans, gastrointestinal system | delta cells in islets
Neuroendocrince cells of thePeriventricular nucleus in hypothalamus | Somatostatin receptor | | Inhibit release of GH and TRH from anterior pituitary
Suppress release of gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin, motilin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), enteroglucagon in gastrointestinal system
Lowers rate of gastric emptyingReduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine[SUP][3][/SUP]
Inhibit release of insulin from beta cells[SUP][4][/SUP]
Inhibit release of glucagon from alpha cells[SUP][4][/SUP]
Suppress the exocrine secretory action of pancreas. |
| Thrombopoietin | TPO | liver, kidney, striated muscle | Myocytes | TPO receptor | megakaryocytes | produce platelets[SUP][5][/SUP] |
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone (or thyrotropin) | TSH | anterior pituitary | thyrotropes | Thyrotropin receptor → cAMP | thyroid gland | secrete thyroxine (T[SUB]4[/SUB]) and triiodothyronine (T[SUB]3[/SUB]) |
| Thyrotropin-releasing hormone | TRH | hypothalamus | Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons | TRHR → IP[SUB]3[/SUB] | anterior pituitary | Release thyroid-stimulating hormone (primarily)
Stimulate prolactin release |
| Vasoactive intestinal peptide | VIP | gut, pancreas, andsuprachiasmatic nuclei of thehypothalamus | | Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor | | stimulates contractility in the heart, causes vasodilation, increases glycogenolysis, lowers arterial blood pressure and relaxes the smooth muscle of trachea, stomach and gall bladder |
