LL-37 Peptide Guide – Dosages and Side Effects

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1)Shi, Y., Li, C., Wang, M. L., Chen, Z., Luo, Y., Xia, X., Song, Y., Sun, Y., & Zhang, A. (2020). Cathelicidin-DM is an Antimicrobial Peptide from Duttaphrynus melanostictus and Has Wound-Healing Therapeutic Potential. ACS Omega, 5(16), 9301–9310. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c00189


2)Bandurska, K., Berdowska, A., Barczy?ska-Felusiak, R., & Krupa, P. (2015). Unique features of human cathelicidin LL-37. Biofactors, 41(5), 289–300. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.1225


3)Ridyard, K. E., & Overhage, J. (2021). The Potential of Human Peptide LL-37 as an Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Agent. Antibiotics, 10(6), 650. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10060650


4)Pistolic, J., Cosseau, C., Li, Y., Yu, J., Filewod, N. C., Gellatly, S. L., Rehaume, L., Bowdish, D. M. E., & Hancock, R. E. W. (2009). Host Defence Peptide LL-37 Induces IL-6 Expression in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells by Activation of the NF-?B Signaling Pathway. Journal of Innate Immunity, 1(3), 254–267. https://doi.org/10.1159/000171533


5)Overhage, J., Campisano, A., Bains, M., Torfs, E. C. W., Rehm, B. H. A., & Hancock, R. E. W. (2008). Human Host Defense Peptide LL-37 Prevents Bacterial Biofilm Formation. Infection and Immunity, 76(9), 4176–4182. https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.00318-08


6)Yang, D., Chen, Q., Schmidt, A. P., Anderson, G. M., Wang, J., Wooters, J., Oppenheim, J. J., & Chertov, O. (2000). Ll-37, the Neutrophil Granule–And Epithelial Cell–Derived Cathelicidin, Utilizes Formyl Peptide Receptor–Like 1 (Fprl1) as a Receptor to Chemoattract Human Peripheral Blood Neutrophils, Monocytes, and T Cells. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 192(7), 1069–1074. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.192.7.1069


7)Alalwani, S., Sierigk, J., Herr, C., Pinkenburg, O., Gallo, R. L., Vogelmeier, C., & Bals, R. (2010b). The antimicrobial peptide LL-37 modulates the inflammatory and host defense response of human neutrophils. European Journal of Immunology, 40(4), 1118–1126. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.200939275


8)Shaykhiev, R., Beißwenger, C., Kändler, K., Senske, J., Püchner, A., Damm, T., Behr, J., & Bals, R. (2005). Human endogenous antibiotic LL-37 stimulates airway epithelial cell proliferation and wound closure. American Journal of Physiology-lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 289(5), L842–L848. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00286.2004


9)Edfeldt, K., Agerberth, B., Rottenberg, M. E., Gudmundsson, G. H., Wang, X., Mandal, K., Xu, Q., & Yan, Z. (2006). Involvement of the Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 in Human Atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 26(7), 1551–1557. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.atv.0000223901.08459.57


10)He, Y., Mu, C., Shen, X., Yuan, Z., Liu, J., Chen, W., Lin, C., Tao, B., Liu, B., & Cai, K. (2018). Peptide LL-37 coating on micro-structured titanium implants to facilitate bone formation in vivo via mesenchymal stem cell recruitment. Acta Biomaterialia, 80, 412–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.036


11)Chow, L., Choi, K. G., Piyadasa, H., Bossert, M., Uzonna, J. E., Klonisch, T., & Mookherjee, N. (2014). Human cathelicidin LL-37-derived peptide IG-19 confers protection in a murine model of collagen-induced arthritis. Molecular Immunology, 57(2), 86–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2013.08.011


12)Ren, S. X., Cheng, A. S. L., To, K. F., Tong, J. H., Li, M. S., Shen, J., Wong, C. C. M., Zhang, L., Chan, R. L. Y., Wang, X., Ng, S. S., Chiu, L. C., Marquez, V. E., Gallo, R. L., Chan, F. K., Yu, J., Sung, J. J., Ng, S. C., & Cho, C. H. (2012). Host Immune Defense Peptide LL-37 Activates Caspase-Independent Apoptosis and Suppresses Colon Cancer. Cancer Research, 72(24), 6512–6523. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2359


13)Di Virgilio, F., Falzoni, S., Giuliani, A., & Adinolfi, E. (2016). P2 receptors in cancer progression and metastatic spreading. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 29, 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2016.05.001





1)Shi, Y., Li, C., Wang, M. L., Chen, Z., Luo, Y., Xia, X., Song, Y., Sun, Y., & Zhang, A. (2020). Cathelicidin-DM is an Antimicrobial Peptide from Duttaphrynus melanostictus and Has Wound-Healing Therapeutic Potential. ACS Omega, 5(16), 9301–9310. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c00189


2)Bandurska, K., Berdowska, A., Barczy?ska-Felusiak, R., & Krupa, P. (2015). Unique features of human cathelicidin LL-37. Biofactors, 41(5), 289–300. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.1225


3)Ridyard, K. E., & Overhage, J. (2021). The Potential of Human Peptide LL-37 as an Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Agent. Antibiotics, 10(6), 650. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10060650


4)Pistolic, J., Cosseau, C., Li, Y., Yu, J., Filewod, N. C., Gellatly, S. L., Rehaume, L., Bowdish, D. M. E., & Hancock, R. E. W. (2009). Host Defence Peptide LL-37 Induces IL-6 Expression in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells by Activation of the NF-?B Signaling Pathway. Journal of Innate Immunity, 1(3), 254–267. https://doi.org/10.1159/000171533


5)Overhage, J., Campisano, A., Bains, M., Torfs, E. C. W., Rehm, B. H. A., & Hancock, R. E. W. (2008). Human Host Defense Peptide LL-37 Prevents Bacterial Biofilm Formation. Infection and Immunity, 76(9), 4176–4182. https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.00318-08


6)Yang, D., Chen, Q., Schmidt, A. P., Anderson, G. M., Wang, J., Wooters, J., Oppenheim, J. J., & Chertov, O. (2000). Ll-37, the Neutrophil Granule–And Epithelial Cell–Derived Cathelicidin, Utilizes Formyl Peptide Receptor–Like 1 (Fprl1) as a Receptor to Chemoattract Human Peripheral Blood Neutrophils, Monocytes, and T Cells. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 192(7), 1069–1074. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.192.7.1069


7)Alalwani, S., Sierigk, J., Herr, C., Pinkenburg, O., Gallo, R. L., Vogelmeier, C., & Bals, R. (2010b). The antimicrobial peptide LL-37 modulates the inflammatory and host defense response of human neutrophils. European Journal of Immunology, 40(4), 1118–1126. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.200939275


8)Shaykhiev, R., Beißwenger, C., Kändler, K., Senske, J., Püchner, A., Damm, T., Behr, J., & Bals, R. (2005). Human endogenous antibiotic LL-37 stimulates airway epithelial cell proliferation and wound closure. American Journal of Physiology-lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 289(5), L842–L848. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00286.2004


9)Edfeldt, K., Agerberth, B., Rottenberg, M. E., Gudmundsson, G. H., Wang, X., Mandal, K., Xu, Q., & Yan, Z. (2006). Involvement of the Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 in Human Atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 26(7), 1551–1557. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.atv.0000223901.08459.57


10)He, Y., Mu, C., Shen, X., Yuan, Z., Liu, J., Chen, W., Lin, C., Tao, B., Liu, B., & Cai, K. (2018). Peptide LL-37 coating on micro-structured titanium implants to facilitate bone formation in vivo via mesenchymal stem cell recruitment. Acta Biomaterialia, 80, 412–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.036


11)Chow, L., Choi, K. G., Piyadasa, H., Bossert, M., Uzonna, J. E., Klonisch, T., & Mookherjee, N. (2014). Human cathelicidin LL-37-derived peptide IG-19 confers protection in a murine model of collagen-induced arthritis. Molecular Immunology, 57(2), 86–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2013.08.011


12)Ren, S. X., Cheng, A. S. L., To, K. F., Tong, J. H., Li, M. S., Shen, J., Wong, C. C. M., Zhang, L., Chan, R. L. Y., Wang, X., Ng, S. S., Chiu, L. C., Marquez, V. E., Gallo, R. L., Chan, F. K., Yu, J., Sung, J. J., Ng, S. C., & Cho, C. H. (2012). Host Immune Defense Peptide LL-37 Activates Caspase-Independent Apoptosis and Suppresses Colon Cancer. Cancer Research, 72(24), 6512–6523. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2359


13)Di Virgilio, F., Falzoni, S., Giuliani, A., & Adinolfi, E. (2016). P2 receptors in cancer progression and metastatic spreading. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 29, 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2016.05.001






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