Proteins are essential nutrients for the human body.[SUP][1][/SUP] They are one of the building blocks of body tissue, and can also serve as a fuel source. As a fuel, proteins contain 4 kcal per gram, just like carbohydrates and unlike lipids, which contain 9 kcal per gram.
Proteins are polymer chains made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. During human digestion, proteins are broken down in the stomach to smaller polypeptide chains viahydrochloric acid and protease actions. This is crucial for the synthesis of the essential amino acids that cannot be biosynthesized by the body.[SUP][2][/SUP]
Amino acids can be divided into three categories: essential amino acids, non-essential amino acids, and conditional amino acids. Essential amino acids cannot be made by the body, and must be supplied by food. Non-essential amino acids are made by the body from essential amino acids or in the normal breakdown of proteins. Conditional amino acids are usually not essential, except in times of illness, stress, or for someone challenged with a lifelong medical condition[SUP][citation needed][/SUP].
Essential amino acids include leucine, isoleucine, valine, lysine, threonine, tryptophan, methionine, phenylalanine, and histidine. Non-essential amino acids include alanine, asparagine,aspartic acid, and glutamic acid. Conditional amino acids include arginine, cysteine, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine.[SUP][3][/SUP]
Amino acids are found in animal sources such as meats, milk, fish and eggs. Proteins are also available via the plant sources: whole grains, pulses, legumes, soy, fruits, nuts and seeds. Vegetarians and vegans can get enough essential amino acids by eating a variety of plant proteins.[SUP][3]
[/SUP][h=2]Protein functions in body[edit][/h]Protein is a nutrient needed by the human body for growth and maintenance.[SUP][1][/SUP] Aside from water, proteins are the most abundant kind of molecules in the body. Protein can be found in all cells of the body and is the major structural component of all cells in the body, especially muscle.[SUP][1][/SUP][SUP][4][/SUP] This also includes body organs, hair and skin. Proteins are also used in membranes, such as glycoproteins. When broken down into amino acids, they are used as precursors to nucleic acid, co-enzymes, hormones, immune response, cellular repair, and other molecules essential for life.[SUP][4][/SUP] Additionally, protein is needed to form blood cells.[SUP][1][/SUP][SUP][5][/SUP]
[h=3]Protein function in exercise[edit][/h]Proteins are believed to increase performance in terms of athletics.[SUP][5][/SUP] Amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, are used for building muscle tissue and repairing damaged tissues.[SUP][5][/SUP] Protein is only used as fuel when carbohydrates and lipid resources are low.[SUP][5][/SUP]
Proteins are polymer chains made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. During human digestion, proteins are broken down in the stomach to smaller polypeptide chains viahydrochloric acid and protease actions. This is crucial for the synthesis of the essential amino acids that cannot be biosynthesized by the body.[SUP][2][/SUP]
Amino acids can be divided into three categories: essential amino acids, non-essential amino acids, and conditional amino acids. Essential amino acids cannot be made by the body, and must be supplied by food. Non-essential amino acids are made by the body from essential amino acids or in the normal breakdown of proteins. Conditional amino acids are usually not essential, except in times of illness, stress, or for someone challenged with a lifelong medical condition[SUP][citation needed][/SUP].
Essential amino acids include leucine, isoleucine, valine, lysine, threonine, tryptophan, methionine, phenylalanine, and histidine. Non-essential amino acids include alanine, asparagine,aspartic acid, and glutamic acid. Conditional amino acids include arginine, cysteine, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine.[SUP][3][/SUP]
Amino acids are found in animal sources such as meats, milk, fish and eggs. Proteins are also available via the plant sources: whole grains, pulses, legumes, soy, fruits, nuts and seeds. Vegetarians and vegans can get enough essential amino acids by eating a variety of plant proteins.[SUP][3]
[/SUP][h=2]Protein functions in body[edit][/h]Protein is a nutrient needed by the human body for growth and maintenance.[SUP][1][/SUP] Aside from water, proteins are the most abundant kind of molecules in the body. Protein can be found in all cells of the body and is the major structural component of all cells in the body, especially muscle.[SUP][1][/SUP][SUP][4][/SUP] This also includes body organs, hair and skin. Proteins are also used in membranes, such as glycoproteins. When broken down into amino acids, they are used as precursors to nucleic acid, co-enzymes, hormones, immune response, cellular repair, and other molecules essential for life.[SUP][4][/SUP] Additionally, protein is needed to form blood cells.[SUP][1][/SUP][SUP][5][/SUP]
[h=3]Protein function in exercise[edit][/h]Proteins are believed to increase performance in terms of athletics.[SUP][5][/SUP] Amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, are used for building muscle tissue and repairing damaged tissues.[SUP][5][/SUP] Protein is only used as fuel when carbohydrates and lipid resources are low.[SUP][5][/SUP]
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